CPU history and components

• A slide rule was one of the earliest devices for arithmetic tasks before modern computers
• The three components of the Control Unit (CU) are the Instruction Decoder, Timing, and Control Logic
• A coprocessor helps the main CPU with specialized tasks like graphics or encryption
• The level of integration in an IC signifies power consumption, processing speed, and the size of the chip
• The 8080 was used in the first PC, the ALTAIR Computer
• The Pentium Pro model was primarily used in server systems
• An interrupt signals the need for the CPU's attention
• The level of integration in an IC has no bearing on its performance
• Isolated I/O or Port mapped I/O is used for handling CTRL for I/O devices
• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in computers
• A downside of using punch cards in early computing is they were slow in processing data
• The Intel 4004 was the first microprocessor capable of calculator functions
• With MOV BL, FB and SUB CL, BL, the hint is sub destination, source; destination - source = difference; destination = difference, the choice that is correct is CF=1; AF=1; ZF=0; SF=0; PF=0;
• With the following instructions Initially CF=0; AF=1; ZF=0; SF=0; PF=1; DF=0; IF=1; OF=0; TF=0; 1.MOV AL, C2 2.MOV CL, AL 3.MOV BL, FA 4.SUB CL, BL 5. STC 6. CLI 8. It is assumed that there is overflow. 9. It is assumed that there is error: HINT: sub destination, source; destination - source = difference; destination = difference, the choice that is correct is CF=1; AF=0; ZF=0; SF=1; PF=1; DF=0; IF=0; OF=1; TF=1;
• With the following instructions Initially CF=0; AF=1; ZF=0; SF=0; PF=1; DF=0; IF=1; OF=0; TF=0; NT=1; IOPL=00. 1.MOV AL, 83 2.MOV CL, AL 3.MOV BL, BE 4.SUB CL, BL 5. STC 6. CLI 8. It is assumed that there is overflow. 9. It is assumed that there is error: HINT: sub destination, source; destination - source = difference; destination = difference, the correct choice is CF=1; AF=0; ZF=0; SF=1; PF=1; DF=0; IF=0; OF=1; TF=1; NT=1; IOPL=00
• Simulate the given instructions (below) and determine which among the choices is correct. Initially CF=0; AF=1; ZF=0; SF=0; PF=1;1.MOV AL, B7 2.MOV CL, AL 3.MOV BL, E8 4.SUB CL, AL HINT: sub destination, source; destination - source = difference; destination = difference CF=1; AF=0; ZF=1; SF=0; PF=1;
• The primary advantage of using registers compared to main memory is faster access time
• The most basic but complete microprocessor-based computer would consist of CPU, memory, I/O, and a system bus
• The primary function of the first ICs was logic gates
• MIPS Computer Systems developed the first commercially available RISC (reduced instruction set computing) processor
• Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce are credited with the invention of the Integrated Circuit (IC)
• John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invented the transistor in 1947
• The program counter (PC) increments to point to the next instruction in the fetch stage
• For a doubleword number, 669632286H, to be stored into memory using little endian format starting at memory location 00100H, the content of memory location 00103H would be 66
• For a doublework number, 20471219H, to be stored into memory using little endian format starting at memory location 00100H, the content of memory location 00101H is 12
• The Intel 80386 was the name of the first commercially available 32-bit microprocessor
• Robert Noyce is credited with the invention of the Large Scale Integration (LSI) circuit, which contained thousands of transistors
• The purpose of registers is to store temporary data used during calculations
• During memory access, I/O devices are used to display the result of the instruction execution
• Execute comes after memory access
• FLAGS is not a word-sized register
• Challenges facing the future of microprocessor development include increasing power consumption, security vulnerabilities, and reaching the limits of Moore's Law
• Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore were the co-founders of Intel
• The Altair 8800 was the first commercially available personal computer to use a microprocessor, the intel 8080
• The EFLAGS register is an extension of the FLAGS register found in the 80386 microprocessor family
• When a value is pushed onto the stack, SP is decremented, and the value is stored at the new address
• There are 8 additional general-purpose registers available in 64-bit mode compared to 32-bit mode
• Older 16-bit software can still run on modern 64-bit processors because modern processors have compatibility modes
• General purpose registers (ax, bx) in an 8086 microprocessor are 16 bits wide
• Segment registers combine with offsets to form memory addresses
• The Instruction Pointer stores the memory address of the next instruction to be executed
• The ESI (Extended Source Index) and EDI (Extended Destination Index) register pair is used for string operations in Intel processors
• The EBP register holds the address of the current stack frame
• The Instruction Pointer (IP) register in the programming model of Intel microprocessors holds the memory address of the next instruction to be fetched
• When a program calls a function, the return address is pushed onto the stack

Single Precision Floating Point Conversions

• A 32-bit single precision floating-point number 3F800000H has the following components:
  • Biased Exponent (binary): 01111111
  • Normalized Form: 1.0x2^0
  • Sign bit: 0
  • Unsigned Binary: 11111111000000000000000000000000
  • Decimal: 1
• A 32-bit single precision floating-point number C19AC000 has the following components:
  • Biased Exponent: 10000101
  • Normalized Form: 1.1001101011x2^6
  • Sign bit: 1
  • Unsigned Binary: 11000001100110101100000000000000
  • Decimal: -102.5
• The single precision floating-point representation of -0.09375 includes:
  • Decimal: -0.09375
  • Binary: 0.00011001
  • Normalized Form: 1.1001 x 2^-4
  • Sign: 1
  • Biased Exponent: 01111011
  • Mantissa: 10010000000000000000000
• Little-endian stores the least significant byte first, while big-endian stores the most significant byte first
• A DMA controller transfers data directly between memory and peripheral devices without microprocessor intervention
• Given the instructions and the simulation requirements, all of the choices are correct

Given the instructions

• MOV AL, 3D
• MOV BL, 8F
• SUB AL, BL
  • CF=1
  • AL=AE
  • CF=1,AF=1,ZF=0,SF=1,PF=0

Given the instructions

• MOV AL, CD
• MOV BL, B7
• SUB AL, BL
  • CF=1,AF=0,ZF=0,SF=0,PF=0
  • CF=1,AF=1,ZF=0,SF=1,PF=1

Instructions with initial conditions and the correct answer based on simulated outcomes:

• CF=1,AF=0,ZF=0,SF=1,PF=1
• CF=0,AF=0,ZF=0,SF=0,PF=1

Correct simulation results

• CF=1,AF=0,ZF=0,SF=1,PF=1

Given the instructions

• MOV AL, BC
• MOV BL, 48
• ADD AL, BL
• STD
• STI
  • Initially CF=0; AF=0, ZF=0; SF=0; PF=0; DF=0; IF=0; OF=0; TE=0; NT=0; IOPL=00, the correct choice is CF=0, AF=1, ZF=0 SF=1; PF=1, DF=1, IF=1: OF=1; TF=0 NT=1; IOPL=10

ULIT instruction

• ADD AX, BX - 03C3 - 234D -234E
• With respect to table #1 what will happen if instruction #5 is executed?
  • Dx=31D6; CF=0
• What if instruction #3 is executed?
  • AX = 2F90.
• The segment registers define the base address of memory segments
• perform arithmetic and logic operations is the main function of microprocessor
• Microcontrollers are a type of microprocessor with additional functionalities
• Intel developed the first microcontroller
• ENIAC was a digital computer built using vacuum tubes
• what component distinguishes a microcontroller from a typical microprocessor is the read/write memory
• The80286 microprocessor is very similar to 8086 and 8088, except can access 16 MB
• A System bus is a group of lines that has a related function within a microprocessor system
• This register works very closely with the instruction decoder of the control unit and stores all instructions coming from the data bus
  • The instruction register - The first chip developed by Intel is the Intel 4004
• Execute occurs when accessing the memory with I/O devices
• Little endian CPUs are also called Intel while Motorola processors are called big endian
• The project that produced the first mimicroprocessor originated in 1969 and was conceptualized by the company BUSICOM
• Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore were the co-founders of Intel
• "A doubleword number, 12345678H, is to be stored into memory using little endian format starting at memory location Note: 0100 78 0101 56 0102 34 0103 12 00100H. What would be the content of memory location 00103H?" The answer is 12
• "A Trap Flag enables trapping through an on-chip debugging feature. IfT= it will debug. If T= it will not debug." - 1, 0
• The world's first 8-bit microprocessor is the 8008
• The parity flag was used in early Intel microprocessors for error detection of transmitted data. PF is logicfor odd parity and a logicfor even parity = 0, 1
• The most basic but complete microprocessor-based computer would consist of a. CPU, memory, I/O, system bus
• It's function is for floating point, graphics, signal or string processing, and even encryption occurs in the coprocessor
• Which is not a word sized register the answer is EIP
• There were already commercial computers developed and sold even before the IC was invented
• Which among the flags selects either the increment or decrement mode for the DI and/or SI registers during string operations? = Direction Flag
• These are signals that indicate need of attention, perform special task and resume the pre-empted operation = Interrupt
• This element serves as a medium of communication between the processor and the outside world = I/O port
• This element is the one responsible in monitoring the bus operation = watchdog monitor
• The invention of Integrated Circuit (IC) was credited to = Jack Kilby
• OF=0; IF=0; ZF=0; AF=1; PF=0; CF=0 are the Given the initial statuses of FLAGS
• It is a temporary storage of information inside the CPU, the answer is register
• c. OF=1; ZF=1; AF=1; PF=1; CF=1 is to be a given in the initial statuses of FLAGS
• Which equals 56, "A doubleword number, 12345678H, is to be stored into memory using little endian format starting at memory location 00100H. What would be the content of memory location 00101H?"
• It is the way where the higher byte is stored in the higher memory, Little endian is being referred to
• 32-bit binary numbers are referred to as Double-Word.
• This element is always in phase with the clock system of the microprocessor,this refers to program counter
• Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer was built using vacuum tubes
• It is a type of flag register that provides single-step capability for debugging=Trap Flag (TF)
• Transistors are of 2ndnd generation of microprocessors.
• 16-bit 8086 and 8088 microprocessors can access 1MB of memory
• (M3) The University shall provide state-of-the-art solutions, communities to problems of industriesand
• (M2) The University shall engage in research, development and innovation that are e publishable and/or economically viable
• The university shall provide a learning environment in order for its students to acquire the attributes that will make them globally competetive
• Mapua shall be among the best Universities in the world.
• holds a part of the result from a multiplication or part of the dividend before a the data register
• holds the offset address of a location in base index register in the memory system in all versions of the microprocessor = base index register
• addresses the next instruction in the code segment = Instruction pointer register-
• points to a memory location for memory data transfers =. base pointer register
• indicate the condition of the aFLAGS registerd control its operation
• Accumulator is used for instructions such as multiplication, division, and some of the adjustment instructions

Some key facts about Microprocessors:

• It's function is for floating point, graphics, signal or string processing, and even coprocessor
• Base index is, one of several not special purpose registers Instruction Pointer EFLAGS Stack Pointer Base index
• Which chip was used for the Galileo spacecraft for its ability to set its clock frequency to a totalAuxiliary static design? = RCA1802
• This flag holds the carry after addition or the borrow after subtraction between bit positions 3 and 4 of the result =auxiliary flag
• For the binary number 110100100, the biased exponent would be 10000111-
• The 7-bit ASCII code contains how many non-printable characters? 33
• Intel 8086 is a/n 16bit microprocessor
• contains all the instructions to be executed= Code Segment
• The mantissa of a single precision floating point number has 23 bits
• An important concept in microprocessors which states that the number of transistors on a CPU chip will double every two years. Moore's Law
• There were already commercial computers developed and sold even before the IC chip was invented = False
• "0,1" relates to the parity flag for odd parity and a logic for even parity
• "A doubleword number, 12345678H, is to be stored into memory using little endian format starting at memoryCPU, will be the content of memory location 00103H?" 12 memory -O, system bus The most basic but complete microprocessor-based computer would consist of
• Memory is sometimes accessed, /IO devices are used to display the result of the instruction EXecute
• originated in 1969 and was conceptualized by company? BUSICOM
• is temporary storage of information inside" Registe
• number, 12345678H, is stored 56into "memory using little endian the same number will repeat in the same manner
• This element serves "medium is I/oport medium between is processor
• Which is in word register = Elo

Definitions:

• What these signals that indicate need attention?interrap
• The world's number on 200 that is BOO is known as -8 butmicroprocess
• The first chip developed -4004
• • Little indianig " Indian
• 1961

-0.09377 to B3411.1 = C461 7 is to e

The invented Integrates Circuit was Ted Huff First chip doveloed" of the to by 24 1274the a First in world is by

• What is the the -The so-called Op Code
• is called a operation by the "The Binary Decimal Coded

If the instruction the which to determine its equal is Decoded

• "Flag overflow""The Over Flow Flags8:02 ""If the instructions""The-direction
• what is what be what wasthe to 68 . "What does" is and 7059661954 what 867896

the by41

• The- is called as

The in inThe -41 What 7 43

What' -44

• what is the content -47 =

• What are the main is -4all

""The 4 What to "

• what is to +49, is 70 -80""to" 49

" what' and is 78 0 1 or the 7571401

In what -A"8149 the""4

48

what has -It The What is B = all

• and""I""" What by a

What is was ""the 87

42 what it11 the - -""what 4 what does -

22 +12774

What is is +""+48192

What in a to -12. Is the by ""by"" the"4420 -41 441 what in whatwhat waswas"""""and"-

• If the is -1 in 34141214

Is what is a all in 41 in one0- 1 1in"the244-5-7the

75 630 inwhat in

• what in6400""what 48 "146what"-4-2 the 700 4
• what is is 6721 = . If the a

48 - What ""what"54is 44 by+45- . -What2 =

the""and a is2 1 what in "to-21 to to a 2

what55447by whatis +45 22

• by12 " "What In what""5