CPU Components and Functions
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CPU Components and Functions

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Questions and Answers

In a Von-Neumann Architecture, which of the following is a characteristic?

  • Shared bus for data and instructions (correct)
  • Dual core processing
  • Separate buses for data and instructions
  • Separate memory spaces for data and instructions

    • What is the main purpose of Instruction Pipelining?

  • To increase clock speed
  • To achieve higher execution speed at the same clock speed (correct)
  • To increase parallel processing
  • To reduce instruction latency

    • What happens to the Stack Pointer during the first PUSH operation?

  • It points to a location outside SRAM
  • It points to a random memory location in SRAM
  • It points to the first memory location in SRAM
  • It points to the last memory location in SRAM (correct)

    • What is the Instruction Life Cycle?

    <p>The sequence of steps the CPU takes to execute an instruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of architecture do microcontrollers most often use?

    <p>Modified Harvard-based architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of Instruction Pipelining?

    <p>Increased execution speed at the same clock speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Stack Pointer?

    <p>To point to the last memory location in SRAM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a Harvard Architecture, what is the main difference from Von-Neumann Architecture?

    <p>Separate memory spaces for data and instructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the Stack Pointer after a POP operation?

    <p>It points to the previous memory location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using a Harvard Architecture in microcontrollers?

    <p>Faster data access and processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Central Processing Unit (CPU)

    • The CPU has several units: Instruction Decoder (Control Unit), Accumulator Register, Register File, Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), and SFR Registers.
    • The Instruction Decoder (Control Unit) converts instructions from program memory into a format the ALU can understand and generates control signals.

    Instruction Decoder (Control Unit)

    • Controls the flow of data through the processor and coordinates the activities of other units.
    • Generates control signals for the ALU and Register File.

    Accumulator Register

    • A working desk for storing data for operations like addition, shift, and subtraction.
    • Closely related to the operation of the ALU.

    Register File

    • A group of registers (e.g., 32 registers R0-R31 in AVR CPU).
    • Can read two registers at once by supplying addresses and writing to a register using data inputs and setting WR=1.

    Instruction Cycle

      1. Decode Instruction: Control Unit generates control signals for the ALU and Register File.
      1. Execute Instruction: ALU executes the instruction.
      1. Write Back Instruction: Control Unit generates control signals to store the result in the Register File.

    Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

    • Part of the CPU responsible for performing calculations and executing arithmetic, logic, and shift instructions.
    • Arithmetic instructions: addition, subtraction, shifting operations.
    • Logic instructions: AND, OR, XOR, NOT operations.

    Stack Pointer and Stack Operations

    • The Stack Pointer must be initialized to point to the last memory location in SRAM.
    • PUSH and POP operations update the stack.

    Instruction Pipelining and CPU Architecture

    • Instruction Pipelining: continuous and parallel streaming of instructions to the CPU for higher execution speed at the same clock speed.
    • The AVR CPU uses a modified Harvard Architecture with parallel instruction fetches and executions.
    • CPU Architecture: Von-Neumann and Harvard architectures exist, with microcontrollers often using a Harvard or modified Harvard-based architecture.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the components and functions of the Central Processing Unit (CPU), including the instruction decoder, control unit, and their roles in the instruction cycle.

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