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מהו 'אפקט הפרימציה'?
מהו 'אפקט הפרימציה'?
מהו 'ההטיית האישור'?
מהו 'ההטיית האישור'?
מהו 'תהליך השיפוט לפי דמיון'?
מהו 'תהליך השיפוט לפי דמיון'?
מהו 'אילוצי תכנון'?
מהו 'אילוצי תכנון'?
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מהו 'אפקט רלוונטיות המידע'?
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מהו 'אפקט הקלטה'?
מהו 'אפקט הקלטה'?
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מהו 'הטיית זמינות'?
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האם 'קדם-שיפוט' משפיע על ההחלטות שלנו?
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Study Notes
Social Psychology - Textbook Details
- Authors: Thomas Gilovich, Dacher Keltner, Serena Chen, and Richard E. Nisbett
- Edition: Third Edition
- Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
- Location: New York, London
Information Presentation
- Marketing manipulates presented information for desired consumer response
- Slight changes in presentation (order, timing) significantly impact judgments
- Order effects are influential in both formal contexts and everyday life
Order Effects
- Order of presentation influences judgment
- Primacy effect: Initial information holds greater weight
- Recency effect: Final information has more impact
- Order effects stem from information processing limitations or how initial information frames subsequent information
Framing Effects
- Framing is the presentation style impacting how information is processed and understood
- Order effects are a form of framing
- Content is identical, only order changes affecting judgments
- Negative framing typically creates stronger responses than positive framing
Temporal Framing
- Decisions made in distinct time periods can differ considerably
- Temporal perspective influences construal of actions and events
- Distant events are more abstract; immediate events are more concrete
Confirmation Bias
- Confirmation bias is a tendency to actively seek supporting evidence when evaluating a proposition rather than contradictory evidence
- This leads to an overemphasis on information consistent with initial beliefs
Availability Heuristic
- Estimation of an event's likelihood based on the ease with which instances are recalled
- Overestimation of personal contributions in joint projects due to increased availability of personal efforts
- Availability linked to fluency (ease of processing) which also affects judgments
Fluency
- Fluency is the ease with which information is processed
- Fluent information (easily processed) is judged as more valid and important than disfluent (harder to process) information
Representativeness Heuristic
- A tendency to judge based on resemblance to a prototype
- Base-rate information (relative frequency) is frequently overlooked, potentially leading to inaccurate judgments
- Resemblance to prototype influences causal judgments and assessments of category membership
- Neglect of base-rate information can lead to inaccurate assessments of group membership
Planning Fallacy
- Tendency to underestimate project completion times, even with past experience indicating longer durations
- Inside perspective (focus on project steps) leads to optimistic estimations; neglects outside perspective (past completion times)
Culture and Predictions
- East Asians are more likely to see reversal in trends
- Westerners more likely to expect trends to continue as they are
- Cultural influences on judgment
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