Untitled Quiz

Social Psychology - Textbook Details

• Authors: Thomas Gilovich, Dacher Keltner, Serena Chen, and Richard E. Nisbett
• Edition: Third Edition
• Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
• Location: New York, London

Information Presentation

• Marketing manipulates presented information for desired consumer response
• Slight changes in presentation (order, timing) significantly impact judgments
• Order effects are influential in both formal contexts and everyday life

Order Effects

• Order of presentation influences judgment
• Primacy effect: Initial information holds greater weight
• Recency effect: Final information has more impact
• Order effects stem from information processing limitations or how initial information frames subsequent information

Framing Effects

• Framing is the presentation style impacting how information is processed and understood
• Order effects are a form of framing
• Content is identical, only order changes affecting judgments
• Negative framing typically creates stronger responses than positive framing

Temporal Framing

• Decisions made in distinct time periods can differ considerably
• Temporal perspective influences construal of actions and events
• Distant events are more abstract; immediate events are more concrete

Confirmation Bias

• Confirmation bias is a tendency to actively seek supporting evidence when evaluating a proposition rather than contradictory evidence
• This leads to an overemphasis on information consistent with initial beliefs

Availability Heuristic

• Estimation of an event's likelihood based on the ease with which instances are recalled
• Overestimation of personal contributions in joint projects due to increased availability of personal efforts
• Availability linked to fluency (ease of processing) which also affects judgments

Fluency

• Fluency is the ease with which information is processed
• Fluent information (easily processed) is judged as more valid and important than disfluent (harder to process) information

Representativeness Heuristic

• A tendency to judge based on resemblance to a prototype
• Base-rate information (relative frequency) is frequently overlooked, potentially leading to inaccurate judgments
• Resemblance to prototype influences causal judgments and assessments of category membership
• Neglect of base-rate information can lead to inaccurate assessments of group membership

Planning Fallacy

• Tendency to underestimate project completion times, even with past experience indicating longer durations
• Inside perspective (focus on project steps) leads to optimistic estimations; neglects outside perspective (past completion times)

Culture and Predictions

• East Asians are more likely to see reversal in trends
• Westerners more likely to expect trends to continue as they are
• Cultural influences on judgment