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Questions and Answers
What technology was used to make the 1st generation processors?
What technology was used to make the 1st generation processors?
During which era did the 2nd generation processors, like INTEL 8085, come into existence?
During which era did the 2nd generation processors, like INTEL 8085, come into existence?
What is a key characteristic of a Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture?
What is a key characteristic of a Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture?
Which processor type has instructions that can execute multiple low-level operations in a single instruction?
Which processor type has instructions that can execute multiple low-level operations in a single instruction?
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When did the fifth generation of processors begin?
When did the fifth generation of processors begin?
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What are the three main tasks performed by a microprocessor in a computer system?
What are the three main tasks performed by a microprocessor in a computer system?
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What is the function of the ALU in a microprocessor?
What is the function of the ALU in a microprocessor?
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Which component of a microprocessor is responsible for controlling the flow of data within the computer system?
Which component of a microprocessor is responsible for controlling the flow of data within the computer system?
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What type of bus carries memory addresses from the processor to other components?
What type of bus carries memory addresses from the processor to other components?
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In a microprocessor system, which bus carries control signals from the processor to other components?
In a microprocessor system, which bus carries control signals from the processor to other components?
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Study Notes
Microprocessor Definition
- A microprocessor is the processor in a personal computer or embedded in small devices.
- It controls memory and I/O through a series of connections.
Microprocessor Components
- ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) performs arithmetic and logical operations on data received from an input device or memory.
- Control Unit controls instructions and flow of data within the computer.
- Register Array consists of registers identified by letters like B, C, D, E, H, L, and accumulator.
Buses
- Address bus carries memory addresses from the processor to other components (unidirectional).
- Data bus carries data between the processor and other components (bidirectional).
- Control bus carries control signals from the processor to other components and clock pulses (unidirectional).
Generations of Microprocessor
- 1st generation (1971-1972): 4-bit processors, PMOS technology (e.g., Intel 4004, Rockwell PPS-4, Intel 8008).
- 2nd generation (1973-1978): 8-bit processors, NMOS technology (e.g., Intel 8085, Motorola 6800, Motorola 6801).
- 3rd generation (1979-1980): 16-bit processors, CMOS technology (e.g., Intel 8086/80186/80286, Motorola 68000/68010).
- 4th generation (1981-1995): 32-bit processors, HMOS technology (e.g., Intel 80386, Motorola 68020).
- 5th generation (1995-present): 64-bit processors, multiple CPUs in a single system (e.g., Pentium, Celeron, dual, quad, and octa core processors).
Evolution of Microprocessor
- Transistor was invented in 1948 in Bell Labs.
- IC was invented in 1958 by Texas Instruments (J Kilby).
Types of Processors
- CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer): instructions can execute multiple low-level operations, few registers, multiple addressing nodes (e.g., Intel 386, Intel 486).
- RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer): instructions are simple and designed to execute quickly, multiple registers, few addressing nodes (e.g., optimized for pipelining).
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Description
Prepare for your CPE323 Microprocessor midterm with this review module focusing on the structural components of a microprocessor and the introduction to the processor. Learn about the role of a microprocessor in personal computers and small devices, data transfer, arithmetic operations, and program flow.
