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Questions and Answers
What technology was used to make the 1st generation processors?
During which era did the 2nd generation processors, like INTEL 8085, come into existence?
What is a key characteristic of a Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture?
Which processor type has instructions that can execute multiple low-level operations in a single instruction?
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When did the fifth generation of processors begin?
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What are the three main tasks performed by a microprocessor in a computer system?
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What is the function of the ALU in a microprocessor?
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Which component of a microprocessor is responsible for controlling the flow of data within the computer system?
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What type of bus carries memory addresses from the processor to other components?
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In a microprocessor system, which bus carries control signals from the processor to other components?
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Study Notes
Microprocessor Definition
- A microprocessor is the processor in a personal computer or embedded in small devices.
- It controls memory and I/O through a series of connections.
Microprocessor Components
- ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) performs arithmetic and logical operations on data received from an input device or memory.
- Control Unit controls instructions and flow of data within the computer.
- Register Array consists of registers identified by letters like B, C, D, E, H, L, and accumulator.
Buses
- Address bus carries memory addresses from the processor to other components (unidirectional).
- Data bus carries data between the processor and other components (bidirectional).
- Control bus carries control signals from the processor to other components and clock pulses (unidirectional).
Generations of Microprocessor
- 1st generation (1971-1972): 4-bit processors, PMOS technology (e.g., Intel 4004, Rockwell PPS-4, Intel 8008).
- 2nd generation (1973-1978): 8-bit processors, NMOS technology (e.g., Intel 8085, Motorola 6800, Motorola 6801).
- 3rd generation (1979-1980): 16-bit processors, CMOS technology (e.g., Intel 8086/80186/80286, Motorola 68000/68010).
- 4th generation (1981-1995): 32-bit processors, HMOS technology (e.g., Intel 80386, Motorola 68020).
- 5th generation (1995-present): 64-bit processors, multiple CPUs in a single system (e.g., Pentium, Celeron, dual, quad, and octa core processors).
Evolution of Microprocessor
- Transistor was invented in 1948 in Bell Labs.
- IC was invented in 1958 by Texas Instruments (J Kilby).
Types of Processors
- CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer): instructions can execute multiple low-level operations, few registers, multiple addressing nodes (e.g., Intel 386, Intel 486).
- RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer): instructions are simple and designed to execute quickly, multiple registers, few addressing nodes (e.g., optimized for pipelining).
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Description
Prepare for your CPE323 Microprocessor midterm with this review module focusing on the structural components of a microprocessor and the introduction to the processor. Learn about the role of a microprocessor in personal computers and small devices, data transfer, arithmetic operations, and program flow.
