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Questions and Answers

Schools can release directory information without student and/or parent consent.

True

Characteristics such as facial expression, posture, characteristics of movement, gestures, and eye contact are called what?

  • Chronemics
  • Kinesics (correct)
  • Proxemics
  • Paralanguage

    • What defense mechanism is displayed when a woman who is unhappy with her marriage accuses her husband of wanting a divorce, even though he has never shown such intentions?

  • Rationalization
  • Displacement
  • Reaction formation
  • Projection (correct)

    • Which of the following career assessments does not use Holland's six personality types?

    <p>Campbell Interest and Skill Survey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals who do not have any desire to change and are unwilling to admit that a problem exists are called what?

    <p>Visitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of a planned theme group?

    <p>Growth group for adolescent females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a student scored a 48 on an exam for which the mean was 56 and the standard deviation was 4, what can be said about the student's score?

    <p>The score fell two standard deviations below the mean.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of which type of research involves examining the relationship between the number of play therapy sessions and children's behavioral problems?

    <p>Quantitative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In regard to IDEA, all of the following terms apply EXCEPT:

    <p>Impairment of a major life activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Hardiman's white racial identity development model, the stage characterized by a conscious belief in the democratic ideal that everyone has an opportunity to succeed is called what?

    <p>Acceptance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a true statement about self-actualization?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which career inventory assesses the psychological barriers that adults may face during a career transition?

    <p>Career Transitions Inventory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A skeleton key in solution-focused brief counseling is defined as what?

    <p>A technique that can be used to help all clients, no matter what their presenting problem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If co-leaders are used, the group size should be what?

    <p>Can be increased by over 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deviation IQ scores have what statistical characteristics?

    <p>A mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An agency counselor interviews adolescents and then administers a survey packet to them. This is an example of what type of research?

    <p>Sequential exploratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In some states, minors who have reached a specified age can agree to receive certain services (e.g., counseling) without parental consent. These laws are called what?

    <p>Minor consent laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Internal locus of control (IC) refers to what?

    <p>People's ability to shape their own fate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children who have disorganized attachments to their caregivers would display which of the following kinds of behavior?

    <p>They would not display much expression on separation and would seem puzzled on their return.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors influence occupational projections?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the counseling profession primarily consist of in the early 1920s?

    <p>vocational guidance counseling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is culture understood?

    <p>the background of patterns, languages, psychological factors, and biological factors of a person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of theory is Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory?

    <p>a discontinuous, active theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the father of career guidance and the counseling profession?

    <p>Frank Parsons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following models of resistance is behavioral?

    <p>Noncompliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Institutional barriers to group work may include resistant group members.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is William Wundt known for?

    <p>founding one of the first psychological laboratories to conduct experimental research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a variable that can be manipulated in a study?

    <p>independent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are ethical principles that counselors are required to follow called?

    <p>Mandatory ethics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tripartite model of multicultural counseling competencies includes an etic perspective.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What research design might be most appropriate for a researcher with limited time and a low budget?

    <p>cross sectional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 was responsible for enforcing workplace safety and health standards.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consultation model is represented when a professional counselor relies on a colleague's expertise?

    <p>Triadic-dependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In group work, confidentiality is the ethical requirement of group leaders but not group members.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of test relies on the judgment of the professional counselor to interpret data?

    <p>non standardized test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The statement 'Whereas 1 million white swans can indicate that all swans are white, one brown swan can falsify it' refers to the post-positivism paradigm.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Accreditation is involuntary.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes judging someone's worth based on how closely they resemble European Americans?

    <p>colorism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain regulates emotions and motivation?

    <p>limbic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an occupation?

    <p>Professional Counselor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are important elements of reflecting in counseling?

    <p>observing clients' verbal and nonverbal communication and verbally conveying empathy and understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Personal goals of group members are generally considered to be what?

    <p>overt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA), what is guaranteed for a child suspected of having a disability?

    <p>testing at the expense of the public school system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a quasi-experimental design?

    <p>Researchers compared students' scores under Curriculum A with a matched comparison group and found better achievement for Curriculum A.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Constancy is one of the five principal ethics of the counseling profession.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are based on biology and include societal expectations of behavior?

    <p>Sex roles: gender roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed classical conditioning?

    <p>Ivan Pavlov</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals who demonstrate high career adaptability exhibit which of the following?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Freud contended that each individual possesses all of the following types of consciousness EXCEPT?

    <p>Subconscious mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A group is primarily remedial if it is which of the following?

    <p>Psychotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a professional counselor would like to read critical test reviews of the Beck Depression Inventory, which publication would be of most interest?

    <p>Mental Measurements Yearbook</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a single-subject design, what is most important?

    <p>Have the intervention be distinctive from what is naturally occurring for the subject.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A client tells her counselor that she is currently receiving counseling services from another mental health professional. According to ACA's ethical code, what should the counselor do?

    <p>Ask the client for permission to contact the other professional to establish a collaborative relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following refers to meaningful experiences linked to a relationship with a divine entity, nature, or the universe?

    <p>Spirituality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does operant conditioning depend on?

    <p>which behaviors are reinforced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the theory of work adjustment, what does tenure refer to?

    <p>how long an individual will remain with a company</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the core of individual psychology is the concept of what?

    <p>social interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leadership style refers to laissez-faire leadership according to Kurt Lewin?

    <p>theory Z</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Shorter tests are more reliable than longer tests.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sampling technique that involves identifying convenient, existing subgroups and then randomly selecting subgroups?

    <p>Cluster sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a counselor do if going through a divorce?

    <p>stop providing counseling services if emotions are likely to interfere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the ability to revert to previous levels of functioning?

    <p>resilience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is interpreting new information in a way that alters a person's existing cognitive framework called?

    <p>accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed the Myers-Briggs type theory?

    <p>Katherine Briggs and Isabel Myers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What elements do Jungian counselors use to help clients uncover unconscious mind elements?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is it called when group leaders show members the proper way to execute a skill or behavior?

    <p>Modeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does validity refer to in the context of assessments?

    <p>how accurately an instrument measures a given construct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does internal validity measure?

    <p>the degree to which extraneous variables may be controlled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When can client records be disposed of?

    <p>5 years after the counseling relationship has ended</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is similar between overt racism and extermination?

    <p>Overt racism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of conflict is experienced when a family cannot decide between two appealing cars?

    <p>Avoidance-avoidance conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Gottfredson propose regarding career decision compromises?

    <p>individuals will sacrifice interest and prestige before gender roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core focus of cognitive therapy?

    <p>the restructuring of clients' automatic thoughts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of co-leadership is often used for mentoring purposes?

    <p>Experience with inexperience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In decision accuracy, sensitivity refers to what?

    <p>An instrument's ability to identify the presence of a phenomenon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prediction method might conclude that students' reading time predicts exam scores?

    <p>regression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a counselor do if a colleague reveals confidential information?

    <p>Try to resolve the issue with the colleague informally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stress do international students often experience during adjustment?

    <p>acculturative stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique involves providing a student with guidance until they can complete tasks independently?

    <p>scaffolding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about Super's lifespan, lifespace career theory is TRUE?

    <p>The theory outlines five developmental stages and 16 substages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of distorted thinking is exemplified by feeling unlovable without a significant other?

    <p>Dichotomous thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What experience does a group member feel when encouraged to self-disclose but prefers giving advice?

    <p>Role conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of measurement on a nominal scale?

    <p>Socioeconomic status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a frequency distribution, the sums of the frequencies for all intervals will what?

    <p>Equal the total number of scores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a frequency distribution, the sums of the frequencies for all intervals will what?

    <p>Be less than or equal to the total number of scores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stressor affects international students more frequently than others?

    <p>Language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory retains information for only 1 or 2 seconds?

    <p>sensory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An investigatory career decision is final.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary goal of Gestalt therapy?

    <p>Helping clients identify exceptions to their problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following resources is commonly used to teach members about self-disclosure?

    <p>Johari window</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The standard error of measurement is:

    <p>The standard deviation of an individual's repeated test scores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central goal of ethnography?

    <p>to describe holistically a culture or cultural group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following did NOT lead to the development of vocational guidance?

    <p>None of the above; All led to the development of vocational guidance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three phases of trauma counseling?

    <p>Engaging in anger management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of disorder might a child with a low vocabulary and trouble forming sentences have?

    <p>An expressive language disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a child has a low vocabulary and trouble forming sentences, what kind of disorder might she have?

    <p>A problem with stuttering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do humanistic-existential counselors generally do?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It may be appropriate to interpret which of the following in group settings?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is calculated by dividing the number of correct test items by the total number of test items?

    <p>Percentage score</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ongoing progress of a program is referred to as a(n):

    <p>Process evaluation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under FERPA, which of the following is NOT true about directory information?

    <p>It includes students' grades and test scores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Counseling Profession

    • Early 1920s focused primarily on vocational guidance counseling.
    • Frank Parsons is regarded as the father of career guidance and the counseling profession.

    Culture and Psychology

    • Culture encompasses patterns, languages, psychological, and biological factors that shape individuals.
    • Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory exemplifies a discontinuous, active approach to development.

    Research and Ethics

    • Researchers often utilize cross-sectional research designs when faced with time and budget constraints.
    • Mandatory ethics are essential ethical principles that counselors must adhere to.
    • Triadic-dependent consultation model relies entirely on a colleague’s expertise for client issues.

    Group Dynamics

    • Confidentiality is an ethical obligation primarily for group leaders, not necessarily group members.
    • Group members typically have overt personal goals, fostering a transparent group dynamic.
    • Role conflict arises when a member is uncomfortable with the advice-giving dynamic in the group setting.

    Psychological Theories and Assessments

    • William Wundt pioneered experimental psychology with one of the first psychological laboratories.
    • Validity pertains to how accurately an instrument measures a specific construct, while reliability deals with consistency.
    • Cognitive therapy focuses on restructuring clients’ automatic thoughts for better mental health outcomes.

    Developmental and Counseling Theories

    • The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 did not enforce workplace safety and health standards.
    • The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA) guarantees testing for children suspected of disabilities.
    • Super's lifespan, lifespace career theory emphasizes the changes in self-concept through life roles.

    Communication and Skills

    • Reflecting involves observing and responding empathetically to clients' verbal and nonverbal cues.
    • Modeling is essential in teaching specific skills or behaviors in group settings.
    • Sensitivity in decision accuracy relates to accurately identifying the presence of a phenomenon.

    Challenges and Conflicts

    • Acculturative stress affects international students more frequently due to cultural adjustment difficulties.
    • Avoidance-avoidance conflict occurs when individuals are torn between two undesirable choices.

    Distorted Thinking

    • Dichotomous thinking represents distorted views, such as feeling unlovable without a relationship.

    Ethical Considerations in Practice

    • Counselors should cease to provide services if personal issues may interfere with client support.
    • Confidential records must be retained for at least five years after counseling ends.

    Academic Resources

    • The Mental Measurements Yearbook is a key resource for finding test reviews, including the Beck Depression Inventory.
    • Cluster sampling is defined as identifying existing subgroups and randomly selecting from those groups.

    Cultural Competence

    • The tripartite model of multicultural counseling competencies does not include an etic perspective.
    • Colorism refers to judging individuals based on their resemblance to European American standards.

    Assessment Formats

    • Non-standardized tests depend on the professional counselor's judgment rather than comparisons to a norm group.
    • Memory types include sensory memory, which retains information briefly, typically for one to two seconds.

    Therapy Types and Definitions

    • Jungian counselors utilize spirituality, dreams, and cultural elements to explore clients' unconscious minds.
    • Gestalt therapy focuses on helping clients identify their needs and resolve unfinished business without addressing exceptions to problems.

    Career Adaptability

    • Individuals with high career adaptability demonstrate curiosity, confidence, and concern for their work future.
    • Investigatory career decisions, as per Gelatt's framework, require additional information before finalizing a choice.

    Measurement and Evaluation

    • The standard error of measurement indicates reliability by assessing individual score variations over repeated tests.
    • Process evaluation is used to assess ongoing program progress, crucial for effective counseling initiatives.### IDEA and Related Terms
    • "Least restrictive environment," "free appropriate public education," and "individualized education plan" are core components of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).
    • "Impairment of a major life activity" does not apply directly to IDEA.

    Hardiman's White Racial Identity Development Model

    • The "acceptance" stage reflects a conscious belief in the democratic ideal that all individuals have equal opportunities to succeed.
    • This model outlines how racial identity can evolve over time.

    Self-Actualization

    • Self-actualization may not occur for everyone; some individuals may never reach this state.
    • It is often believed that self-actualization occurs during middle adulthood.
    • Fulfillment of lower-level needs in Maslow's hierarchy is a prerequisite for self-actualization.

    Career Transition Inventories

    • The Career Transitions Inventory assesses psychological barriers adults face during career transitions and the resources available to overcome them.

    Solution-Focused Brief Counseling

    • A skeleton key refers to a technique applicable to all clients, regardless of their presenting issues.
    • This approach encourages clients to recognize times when their problems are absent or less impactful.

    Group Counseling Dynamics

    • When co-leaders are present in counseling, the group size can be increased by more than 50%.

    Deviation IQ Scores

    • Deviation IQ scores have a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, standardizing intelligence test results for comparison.

    Research Methodologies

    • Administering surveys to adolescents after interviews exemplifies sequential exploratory research methodology, as it incorporates a stepwise process to gather and analyze data.
    • In certain states, "minor consent laws" allow minors of a specified age to seek certain services, such as counseling, without the need for parental consent.

    Internal Locus of Control

    • An internal locus of control indicates a person’s belief in their ability to influence their own fate rather than attributing outcomes to external factors.

    Disorganized Attachments in Children

    • Children with disorganized attachments may show puzzlement upon caregivers' returns, often displaying limited emotional expression or confusion regarding their responses.

    Influencing Factors on Occupational Projections

    • Technological, economic, and population factors all significantly influence occupational projections across various industries.

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    Prepare for the CPCE with these informative flashcards. Each card covers essential concepts including vocational guidance, cultural understanding, and Erikson's psychosocial theory. Enhance your understanding and retention of key counseling topics.

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