160 Questions
Which drug is a fully human monoclonal antibody against TNF-α?
Adalimumab
Which drug binds to the CD11a adhesion molecule and is approved for psoriasis?
Efalizumab
Which drug is an antibody against VLA-4 and shows promise in multiple sclerosis?
Natalizumab
Which drug is a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) that is a folate analogue used for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis?
Methotrexate (MTX)
Which drug is a non-competitive xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for long-term gout treatment?
Allopurinol
Which drug prevents neutrophil migration by binding to tubulin and is used to prevent and relieve acute gout attacks?
Colchicine
Which process is not involved in renal drug excretion?
Passive diffusion
In which kinetics is drug elimination directly proportional to its concentration in systemic circulation?
First-order kinetics
Which model represents the body as a single homogenous compartment?
Single-compartment model
What does drug half-life represent?
Time for drug's plasma concentration to decrease by half
Which factor does not impact drug elimination half-life?
Drug's bioavailability
When is steady state achieved for a drug during constant infusion?
After three to five half-lives
Which medication selectively inhibits IL-2 gene transcription?
Cyclosporine (CsA)
What is the half-life of Tacrolimus?
7 hours
Which medication is metabolized by the liver and affected by grapefruit juice?
Cyclosporine (CsA)
Which medication interferes with DNA synthesis and clonal proliferation?
Cyclophosphamide
Which type of drugs act by reducing lymphocyte proliferation and inhibiting calcineurin?
Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus
Which medication is a TNF-α inhibitor approved for rheumatoid arthritis?
Etanercept
Which enzyme is constitutively expressed in most tissues and plays a role in tissue homeostasis and gastric cytoprotection?
COX-1
What is the main difference between COX-1 and COX-2 selective inhibitors (Coxibs)?
Potency towards COX-2
How do NSAIDs exert their antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects?
Affecting prostaglandin production and reducing inflammatory pain
What is the mechanism of action of aspirin on the COX enzyme?
Irreversibly inactivates COX-1 by acetylating a serine at position 530
What is a potential side effect associated with NSAIDs, particularly aspirin, related to platelet function?
Reducing thromboxane A2 synthesis in platelets
Why were selective COX-2 inhibitors like rofecoxib withdrawn?
Due to concerns about increased cardiovascular events
What is the role of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in phase I drug metabolism?
They facilitate the oxidation of drugs to enhance solubility.
What is the consequence of taking alcohol and paracetamol simultaneously?
Increased risk of liver damage due to enhanced effects of toxic byproducts.
Which enzyme is not involved in phase I drug metabolism reactions?
Glucuronyl transferase
What is a prodrug?
A drug that becomes pharmacologically active after metabolism.
How does grapefruit juice affect drug metabolism?
It inhibits drug metabolism by affecting CYP enzymes.
What is the primary effect of first-pass metabolism?
It decreases the bioavailability of drugs before they reach systemic circulation.
Which of the following is NOT a phase I reaction in drug metabolism?
Phase II reactions
Which type of drugs are able to be metabolized due to their ability to cross the plasma membrane?
Lipophilic drugs
Which enzyme is responsible for catalyzing both alcohol and paracetamol, leading to potential competition and enhanced toxic effects?
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of phase II reactions in drug metabolism?
Involves monooxygenation
Which process involves metabolism in the liver and gut before reaching the site of action?
First-pass metabolism
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prodrugs?
Are already active before metabolism
Which drug is a monoclonal antibody against VLA-4 and shows promise in multiple sclerosis?
Efalizumab
What is the mechanism of action of Rituximab?
B cell lysis
Which drug is a non-competitive xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for long-term gout treatment?
Allopurinol
Which medication is a TNF-α inhibitor approved for rheumatoid arthritis?
Adalimumab
What is the primary clinical use of Efalizumab?
Psoriasis
Which drug is a folate analogue used for rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and graft versus host disease?
Methotrexate
Which process involves drug elimination proportional to its concentration in systemic circulation?
First-order kinetics
What is the primary determinant of the rate at which a drug reaches a steady-state concentration during constant infusion?
Drug clearance
Which model represents the body as a single homogenous compartment?
Single-compartment model
What is the ongoing dose needed to maintain a steady-state drug concentration?
Maintenance dose
Which factor affects drug elimination and involves genetic variations in drug-metabolizing enzymes?
Pharmacogenomic profile
What helps understand the initial drug distribution in the body?
Concentration at zero time and volume of distribution
Which statement about COX-1 and COX-2 is accurate?
COX-1 is involved in gastric cytoprotection, while COX-2 is responsible for prostanoid mediators of inflammation.
What distinguishes Coxibs from most NSAIDs?
Coxibs contain bulky groups impeding COX-1 enzyme access, while most NSAIDs are carboxylic acids.
How do NSAIDs exert their antipyretic effects?
By affecting prostaglandin production in the hypothalamus
What is a potential side effect associated with NSAIDs, particularly aspirin, related to platelet function?
Prolonging bleeding
What is the mechanism of action of aspirin on the COX enzyme?
Reversibly inactivates COX-1
Which drug is more potent than Cyclosporine and has similar unwanted effects, but higher nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity?
Tacrolimus
Which enzyme is inhibited by grapefruit juice, affecting drug metabolism and increasing blood levels of drugs?
CYP3A4
Which drug inhibits purine synthesis and is used in autoimmune diseases?
Azathioprine
Which drug acts as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drug, and suppresses endogenous cortisol production?
Glucocorticoids
Which drug targets specific aspects of inflammatory diseases but can be expensive and difficult to produce?
Etanercept
Which drug inhibits IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IFN-γ, and TNF-α production?
Tacrolimus
Which drug is an antibody against VLA-4 and shows promise in multiple sclerosis?
Efalizumab
Which medication is a TNF-α inhibitor approved for rheumatoid arthritis?
Etanercept
Which drug inhibits purine synthesis and is used in autoimmune diseases?
Azathioprine
What is the primary clinical use of Efalizumab?
Psoriasis
What is the mechanism of action of Rituximab?
Causes B cell lysis
Which drug is a monoclonal antibody against VLA-4 and shows promise in multiple sclerosis?
Natalizumab
Which drug has poor oral absorption, accumulates in tissues, and can cause nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity?
Tacrolimus
Which drug inhibits purine synthesis and is used in autoimmune diseases?
Azathioprine
Which drug acts as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drug, and suppresses endogenous cortisol production?
Hydrocortisone
Which drug targets specific aspects of inflammatory diseases but can be expensive and difficult to produce?
Etanercept
What is the primary effect of grapefruit juice on drug metabolism?
Affects drug metabolism and increases blood levels of drugs
Which drug is more potent than Cyclosporine and has similar unwanted effects, but higher nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity?
Tacrolimus
What is the rate of drug elimination relative to its plasma concentration often measured in?
Liters per hour
What is the time required for the concentration of a drug in the plasma to decrease by half?
Drug half-life
Which model involves a central and peripheral compartment in representing the body?
Two-compartment model
What determines the rate at which a drug reaches a steady-state concentration during constant infusion?
Drug clearance
What helps understand the initial drug distribution in the body?
Volume of distribution
What is the ongoing dose needed to maintain a steady-state drug concentration?
Maintenance dose
Which enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of alcohol and paracetamol, leading to potential competition and enhanced toxic effects when both are taken simultaneously?
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Which family of enzymes, found in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, may be responsible for catalyzing the metabolism of the same drug, leading to potential drug interactions?
CYP 1-3
Which process involves drug metabolism in the liver and gut before reaching the site of action, and is particularly important for drugs like levodopa, morphine, aspirin, and propranolol?
First-pass metabolism
Which type of drug metabolism reaction introduces a hydroxyl (OH) group, which is the point of attack for the glucuronide in Phase II reactions?
Phase I reactions
Which enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of ethanol?
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Which reaction type involves the addition of a conjugate, such as glucuronide, to make drugs more hydrophilic and less lipid-soluble?
Phase II reactions
Which statement about COX-1 and COX-2 is accurate?
COX-1 is constitutively expressed in most tissues and involved in tissue homeostasis, while COX-2 is induced in inflammatory cells and responsible for prostanoid mediators of inflammation.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Coxibs?
Have higher risk of gastrointestinal damage compared to traditional NSAIDs.
What is the mechanism of action of aspirin on the COX enzyme?
Reversibly inactivates COX-1, reducing thromboxane A2 synthesis in platelets.
What is a potential side effect associated with NSAIDs, particularly aspirin, related to platelet function?
Prevent platelet aggregation, potentially prolonging bleeding.
What is the consequence of taking alcohol and paracetamol simultaneously?
Competition for the same metabolic pathway, leading to potential hepatotoxicity.
Why were selective COX-2 inhibitors like rofecoxib withdrawn?
Due to safety concerns about increased cardiovascular events.
Which of the following is a characteristic of COX-2 selective inhibitors (Coxibs)?
They vary in potency towards COX-2, with second-generation Coxibs showing a higher COX-2 vs. COX-1 inhibition ratio.
What is the primary effect of NSAIDs on platelet function?
Prevent platelet aggregation except COX-2 inhibitors, potentially prolonging bleeding.
What is the consequence of taking aspirin and paracetamol simultaneously?
Enhanced toxic effects due to potential competition for metabolism by the liver enzyme responsible for both drugs.
Why were selective COX-2 inhibitors, like rofecoxib, withdrawn from the market?
Safety concerns about increased cardiovascular events.
Which of the following drugs is a monoclonal antibody against VLA-4 and shows promise in multiple sclerosis?
Natalizumab
Which drug is a folate analogue used for rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and graft versus host disease?
Methotrexate (MTX)
Which drug is a non-competitive xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for long-term gout treatment?
Allopurinol
Which drug prevents neutrophil migration by binding to tubulin and is used to prevent and relieve acute gout attacks?
Colchicine
What is the primary factor affecting drug elimination that involves genetic variations in drug-metabolizing enzymes?
Pharmacogenomic profile
Which process determines the rate at which a drug reaches a steady-state concentration during constant infusion?
Drug clearance
What represents the time required for the concentration of a drug in the plasma to decrease by half?
Drug half-life
Which model involves a central and peripheral compartment in representing the body for drug distribution?
Two-compartment model
Which reaction type involves the addition of a conjugate to make drugs more hydrophilic and less lipid-soluble?
Phase II reactions
Which enzyme is not involved in phase I drug metabolism reactions?
Xanthine oxidase
What is the primary effect of first-pass metabolism?
Inactivation of drugs before reaching the systemic circulation
Which drug metabolism reaction introduces a hydroxyl (OH) group, which is the point of attack for the glucuronide in Phase II reactions?
Monooxygenation by P450 enzyme
Which drug has a more potent effect than Cyclosporine, with similar unwanted effects but higher nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity?
Tacrolimus
Which drug selectively inhibits IL-2 gene transcription, accumulates in tissues, and can cause nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity?
Cyclosporine
Which drug inhibits purine synthesis and is used in autoimmune diseases?
Azathioprine
Which drug acts as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drug, and suppresses endogenous cortisol production?
Glucocorticoids
Which drug inhibits purine synthesis and is used in autoimmune diseases?
Azathioprine
What is the primary effect of grapefruit juice on drug metabolism?
Inhibits drug metabolism
Which drug acts during the induction phase of the immunological response, reducing lymphocyte proliferation?
Cyclosporine
What is the mechanism of action of glucocorticoids like hydrocortisone?
Suppress endogenous cortisol production
What is the primary mechanism of action of lidocaine?
Inhibition of ionic fluxes required for nerve impulse conduction
Which route of anthrax infection involves transmission from animals to humans?
Through contaminated food and soil
What is the primary cause of toxic effects in anthrax infection?
Toxin release in the bloodstream
What is the primary mechanism of action of cephalothin?
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
What is the primary route of acquiring cutaneous anthrax?
Contact with a break in the skin
Which of the following accurately describes the absorption of antifreeze through the skin?
Antifreeze (ethylene glycol) does not absorb well through the skin, making systemic toxicity unlikely but can cause irritation and redness.
Which form of anthrax is infectious: spore forming or non-spore forming?
Spore forming anthrax is infectious, as the endospores of bacillus anthracis can remain viable for decades in soil and can cause disease when in a vegetative state within a host.
What is the difference between spore forming and non-spore forming anthrax in terms of causing disease?
Spore forming anthrax has the ability to cause disease, while non-spore forming anthrax lacks this ability.
What is the activity of spore forming and non-spore forming anthrax within the body?
Spore forming anthrax forms endospores that can remain viable for decades in soil, while non-spore forming anthrax rapidly multiplies and causes disease upon entering a host.
Is there a correspondence between the ability to form spores and the main sites of infection (skin, lungs, gut, etc.) for anthrax?
Yes, there is a correspondence between the ability to form spores and the main sites of infection, with spore forming anthrax causing specific infections based on the site of entry.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a broad category of disease that can induce nausea and fever?
Depression
What is the primary reason for anthrax being considered ideal for bioterrorism?
Bacillus anthracis forms highly resistant spores
Can anthrax be asymptomatic?
Can be asymptomatic but only in a minority of patients
What are the possible routes of transmission of anthrax?
Breathing in spores, Eating contaminated food or water, Getting spores in a cut or scrape in the skin
What is the name of the vaccine for anthrax and who is it given to?
BioThrax; given to people with an increased risk of anthrax exposure
What are the symptoms of anthrax infection?
Severe cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain, nausea, extreme fatigue, high fever, coughing up blood and nose bleeds
How does anthrax spread?
Respiratory anthrax is spread through inhalation of spores from the environment
How is anthrax treated?
Treated through oral or intravenous antibiotics ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, or amoxicillin
What is the mechanism of action of doxycycline in treating anthrax infections?
Inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria by binding to the bacterial ribosomes
Which enzyme is necessary for DNA synthesis and is inhibited by ciprofloxacin in treating anthrax infections?
DNA gyrase
What is the primary mechanism responsible for the impaired memory and motor function that occurs with THC consumption?
Inhibition of adenylate cyclase and reduction of cAMP production
What is the most common form of recreational use of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)?
Smoking marijuana
Which form of THC is used as an antiemetic for patients receiving chemotherapy and as an appetite stimulant for patients with AIDS?
Dronabinol
What are the unwanted effects of THC consumption?
Confusion, paranoia, dry mouth, and hallucinations
What is the bioavailability range of THC when inhaled?
20% to 35%
Which condition is THC not recommended for?
Schizophrenia
What is the recommended daily dosage for managing pain with THC?
20mg
What percentage of THC is destroyed during combustion when smoking cannabis?
40%
Who should exercise caution when using THC?
Individuals under the age of 25
What is the primary unwanted effect of THC?
Memory impairment
What is the primary contraindication for using THC?
Pregnancy
What is the primary indication for using THC?
Regulating fear and anxiety
What is the recommended daily dosage for managing appetite with THC?
15mg
What is the primary indication for using THC in patients with multiple sclerosis?
Neuroprotection
What is the primary indication for using THC in patients with bronchial asthma?
Airway obstruction
What is the primary contraindication for using THC in individuals under the age of 25?
Mood or anxiety disorders
Which cannabinoid receptor is predominantly located in the central nervous system?
CB1
What is the main psychoactive ingredient in cannabis?
(-) - Trans – delta 9 – tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Where does THC predominantly accumulate in the body due to its lipophilic nature?
Adipose (fat) tissues
Which country has completely legalized consumption and sale of recreational cannabis nationwide?
Uruguay
Which cannabinoid receptor does THC act as a partial agonist on?
CB1
What are the effects of THC determined by?
The location of CB receptors
What is the mechanism of metabolism for THC in the body?
Metabolized in the liver
What is the availability of edibles under Canada's Cannabis Act?
Permitted after 1 year
What is the street name for THC?
All of the above
What is the potential consequence of over-activation of the cannabinoid system by THC?
Addiction and behavioral abnormalities
What is the primary reason for the need for more research on the health hazards of THC?
Especially now that marijuana is legal in Canada
Study Notes
Comparison of COX Enzymes and Selective COX Inhibitors
- COX-1 is constitutively expressed in most tissues and plays a role in tissue homeostasis and gastric cytoprotection, while COX-2 is induced in inflammatory cells and mediates inflammation.
- COX-2 selective inhibitors (Coxibs) vary in potency towards COX-2, with second-generation Coxibs showing a higher COX-2 vs. COX-1 inhibition ratio.
- Most NSAIDs are carboxylic acids, while Coxibs contain bulky groups impeding COX-1 enzyme access.
- NSAIDs exert antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects by affecting prostaglandin production and reducing inflammatory pain.
- NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin biosynthesis by directly acting on the COX enzyme, with some drugs being more selective for COX-2. Aspirin irreversibly inactivates COX-1 by acetylating a serine at position 530.
- NSAIDs, including aspirin, can cause gastrointestinal damage by inhibiting gastric COX-1, leading to issues like gastric discomfort, bleeding, and ulceration.
- NSAIDs pose a threat to kidney function, especially in susceptible individuals, and can lead to analgesic nephropathy characterized by chronic nephritis and renal necrosis.
- Rashes, platelet aggregation, CNS effects, and Reye's syndrome are among the other side effects associated with NSAIDs, particularly aspirin.
- Aspirin irreversibly inactivates COX-1, reducing thromboxane A2 synthesis in platelets, and low doses are recommended for thromboprophylaxis.
- Aspirin shares general unwanted effects with NSAIDs and can cause symptoms like tinnitus, vertigo, and decreased hearing in case of overdose.
- Acetaminophen is well absorbed orally and metabolized in the liver, with potentially fatal hepatotoxicity in toxic doses.
- Selective COX-2 inhibitors like rofecoxib were withdrawn due to concerns about increased cardiovascular events, despite their goal to provide anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions with reduced gastric damage.
Immunosuppressants and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Mechanisms and Clinical Uses
- Cyclosporine (CsA) and Tacrolimus (FK506) are immunosuppressants used in organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases.
- CsA selectively inhibits IL-2 gene transcription, while FK506 inhibits IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IFN-γ, and TNF-α production.
- CsA has poor oral absorption, accumulates in tissues, and can cause nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity.
- Tacrolimus is more potent than CsA, with similar unwanted effects and higher nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity.
- Autoimmune diseases involve autoantibodies and autoreactive T cells targeting self-antigens.
- CsA and Tacrolimus act during the induction phase of the immunological response, reducing lymphocyte proliferation.
- Grapefruit juice inhibits cytochrome P450, affecting drug metabolism and increasing blood levels of drugs.
- Cyclophosphamide alkylates DNA, while Azathioprine inhibits purine synthesis, both used in autoimmune diseases.
- Glucocorticoids, like hydrocortisone, have broad metabolic and immune effects and act as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs.
- Glucocorticoids suppress endogenous cortisol production, impacting carbohydrate and protein metabolism and inflammatory cells.
- Glucocorticoids are used in conditions like asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel diseases.
- Anti-cytokine therapies, like TNF-α inhibitors such as Etanercept, target specific aspects of inflammatory diseases but can be expensive and difficult to produce.
Comparison of COX Enzymes and Selective COX Inhibitors
- COX-1 is constitutively expressed in most tissues, involved in tissue homeostasis, gastric cytoprotection, platelet aggregation, and renal blood flow, while COX-2 is induced in inflammatory cells and responsible for prostanoid mediators of inflammation.
- COX-2 selective inhibitors (Coxibs) vary in potency towards COX-2, with second-generation Coxibs showing a higher COX-2 vs. COX-1 inhibition ratio.
- Most NSAIDs are carboxylic acids, while Coxibs contain bulky groups impeding COX-1 enzyme access.
- NSAIDs have antipyretic effects by affecting prostaglandin production in the hypothalamus, analgesic effects by reducing inflammatory pain, and anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing components of the inflammatory response.
- NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin biosynthesis by directly acting on the COX enzyme, with some drugs being more selective for COX-2.
- NSAIDs, including aspirin, can cause gastrointestinal damage by inhibiting gastric COX-1, leading to issues like gastric discomfort, bleeding, and ulceration.
- NSAIDs pose a threat to kidney function, especially in susceptible individuals, and chronic consumption can lead to analgesic nephropathy.
- Rashes are common unwanted effects of NSAIDs, and most NSAIDs prevent platelet aggregation except COX-2 inhibitors, potentially prolonging bleeding.
- NSAIDs may cause CNS effects, bone marrow disturbances, liver disorders, and are associated with Reye's syndrome in children.
- Aspirin irreversibly inactivates COX-1, reducing thromboxane A2 synthesis in platelets and is exploited for thromboprophylaxis.
- Aspirin shares general unwanted effects with NSAIDs, including gastrointestinal issues and platelet-related effects, and overdose can lead to potentially serious consequences.
- Selective COX-2 inhibitors, like rofecoxib, aimed to provide anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions with reduced gastric damage but were withdrawn due to safety concerns about increased cardiovascular events.
Immunosuppressants and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Mechanisms and Clinical Uses
- Cyclosporine (CsA) and Tacrolimus (FK506) are immunosuppressants used in organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases.
- CsA selectively inhibits IL-2 gene transcription, while FK506 inhibits IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IFN-γ, and TNF-α production.
- CsA has poor oral absorption, accumulates in tissues, and can cause nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity.
- Tacrolimus is more potent than CsA, with similar unwanted effects and higher nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity.
- Autoimmune diseases involve autoantibodies and autoreactive T cells targeting self-antigens.
- CsA and Tacrolimus act during the induction phase of the immunological response, reducing lymphocyte proliferation.
- Grapefruit juice inhibits cytochrome P450, affecting drug metabolism and increasing blood levels of drugs.
- Cyclophosphamide alkylates DNA, while Azathioprine inhibits purine synthesis, both used in autoimmune diseases.
- Glucocorticoids, like hydrocortisone, have broad metabolic and immune effects and act as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs.
- Glucocorticoids suppress endogenous cortisol production, impacting carbohydrate and protein metabolism and inflammatory cells.
- Glucocorticoids are used in conditions like asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel diseases.
- Anti-cytokine therapies, like TNF-α inhibitors such as Etanercept, target specific aspects of inflammatory diseases but can be expensive and difficult to produce.
THC Pharmacokinetics, Mechanism of Action, and Availability
- Cannabis sativa has been used for thousands of years for medical treatment and industrial use.
- The main psychoactive ingredient in cannabis is (-) - Trans – delta 9 – tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
- THC is one of 113 cannabinoids in the marijuana plant, and it is different from cannabidiol (CBD).
- The pharmacokinetics of THC vary with the route of administration, with different absorption rates and bioavailability for inhalation and ingestion.
- THC is highly lipophilic, accumulates in fat tissues, and is metabolized in the liver by cytochrome-P450 enzymes.
- THC and CBD act on cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, with CB1 receptors predominantly located in the central nervous system.
- THC acts as a partial agonist on cannabinoid receptors and can over-activate the cannabinoid system in the body, causing addiction and behavioral abnormalities.
- The effects of THC include relaxation, euphoria, reduction of nausea, and increased appetite, and are determined by the location of CB receptors.
- THC is also known as Dronabinol and is available under the brand name Marinol, with street names including marijuana, pot, weed, and others.
- Uruguay and Canada are the only countries to have completely legalized consumption and sale of recreational cannabis nationwide.
- Canada's Cannabis Act permits the sale of various cannabis products, including edibles, which will be permitted within one year after the act's coming into force.
- More research is needed to determine the true health hazards of THC, especially now that marijuana is legal in Canada.
Test your knowledge of COX enzymes and selective COX inhibitors with this quiz. Explore the differences between COX-1 and COX-2, the effects of NSAIDs and Coxibs, and the potential side effects associated with these drugs. Understand the mechanisms of action and the impact on various bodily systems, including the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, and cardiovascular system.
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