37 Questions
In the context of ethical decision-making, what is a prima facie obligation?
A fundamental obligation that must always be fulfilled
When faced with conflicting prima facie obligations, what does a physician need to consider to determine the actual obligation to the patient?
The respective weights of the competing prima facie obligations based on content and context
In the example provided, why does the principle of beneficence override that of nonmaleficence?
The urgency of the situation required immediate action
What makes conflicts between the principles of beneficence and autonomy particularly challenging?
The pronounced clash between two fundamental ethical principles
What does giving primacy to beneficence over patient autonomy in medical decision-making resemble, according to the text?
Paternalism akin to a father/mother-child relationship
What obligation does the physician have towards the patient in the given scenario?
To offer continued outpatient visits and advice against making decisions based on fear
What is the appropriate term used to indicate evidence of physiological futility in the case?
Clinically non-beneficial interventions
What complications does the 67-year-old widow experience according to the text?
Nausea, lack of appetite, and dark yellow urine
What cultural perspective is highlighted in the case of the 67-year-old widow?
The son's authority to make health-care decisions for dependent family members
What principle provides the patient the option to delegate decision-making authority to another person?
Principle of autonomy
What is the dominant value in making a decision about who gets the ventilator?
Maximizing benefits
Who proposes that the decision about who gets a ventilator should not rest with front-line physicians and nurses?
Clinical ethics scholars
What is the potential instrumental value of the second patient mentioned in the text?
Benefit to future patients
Why do some ethics scholars propose that the burden of deciding who gets a ventilator should not be on front-line physicians and nurses?
To reduce emotional toll on healthcare workers
What is the subordinate consideration in making a decision about who gets a ventilator, according to the text?
Promoting and rewarding instrumental value
In Case 1, the conflict arises between which two ethical principles?
Beneficence and autonomy
According to Case 1, what factors support the decision to treat the patient against his will?
The severity of illness and the urgency to treat
What is the most probable diagnosis for the patient in Case 2?
Lung cancer
Why does the patient in Case 2 refuse the recommended treatment?
Fear of surgery killing him
How does the ethical dilemma in Case 2 differ from that in Case 1?
In Case 2, autonomy prevails over beneficence, whereas in Case 1, beneficence prevails over autonomy.
What is the ethical obligation of the surgeon in Case 5 according to the text?
Inform the patient of the error and its consequences, offer an apology, and report the error to hospital committees
What is the significance of truth-telling in patient autonomy according to the text?
It allows patients to make informed decisions about their care
What are some of the possible risk reduction mechanisms mentioned in the text?
Risk Management Department and financial settlements
What could reduce the threat of legal claims in situations like Case 5?
A climate of honesty and trust between physicians and patients
What is the ethical obligation of the physician in Case 6 according to the text?
Provide appropriate care and treatment for the patient
What is the primary difference between soft paternalism and hard paternalism?
Soft paternalism involves nonautonomous patients, while hard paternalism involves fully informed and competent patients.
What is the concept of consumerism in the context of patient autonomy?
The physician's role is to provide all medical information and choices, with the patient making the final decision.
How do Pellegrino and Thomasma argue that beneficence can be inclusive of patient autonomy?
By emphasizing that patient preferences are intimately linked with their best interests.
What is imperative when goals of treatment change in the course of disease, according to the text?
The physician should communicate with the patient in clear and straightforward language about the changes in goals of treatment.
In problem-solving in ethics in clinical practice, what does 'Context' refer to?
The medical history, family background, and social status of the patient.
What does the American College of Physicians recommend for allocation decisions during resource scarcity?
Allocation based on patient need, prognosis, and effectiveness to maximize the number of patients who will recover
What is at the core of professionalism in the physician-patient relationship?
Competent and compassionate care by the physician
What is the significance of discernment in decision-making, according to the text?
It is especially valuable in decision-making when principles of ethics collide
Which virtue leads to trust and is needed when patients place themselves in the hands of physicians?
Trustworthiness
What is the representation of the model envisioned by the author, as mentioned in the text?
A figure representing qualities of both 'heart' and 'head'
What does professionalism demand when it comes to placing the interest of patients?
Placing the interest of patients above those of the physician
What should allocation decisions during resource scarcity be based on, according to the American College of Physicians?
Patient need, prognosis, and effectiveness
Test your knowledge of the clinical presentation of a COVID-19 patient with marked tachypnea, shallow breathing, high heart rate, and low O2 saturation. Explore the symptoms and signs observed during examination.
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