COVID-19 Clinical Presentation Quiz

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In the context of ethical decision-making, what is a prima facie obligation?

An obligation based on the patient's autonomy

A fundamental obligation that must always be fulfilled (correct)

An obligation that conflicts with other principles

An obligation that can be ignored in certain situations

When faced with conflicting prima facie obligations, what does a physician need to consider to determine the actual obligation to the patient?

The historical basis of each principle

The respective weights of the competing prima facie obligations based on content and context (correct)

The preferences of the medical team

The financial implications of each obligation

In the example provided, why does the principle of beneficence override that of nonmaleficence?

The physician was following paternalistic practices

The patient's autonomy was not considered in this case

The urgency of the situation required immediate action (correct)

The patient's refusal of treatment was not taken into account

What makes conflicts between the principles of beneficence and autonomy particularly challenging?

The pronounced clash between two fundamental ethical principles Signup and view all the answers

What does giving primacy to beneficence over patient autonomy in medical decision-making resemble, according to the text?

Paternalism akin to a father/mother-child relationship Signup and view all the answers

What obligation does the physician have towards the patient in the given scenario?

To offer continued outpatient visits and advice against making decisions based on fear Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate term used to indicate evidence of physiological futility in the case?

Clinically non-beneficial interventions Signup and view all the answers

What complications does the 67-year-old widow experience according to the text?

Nausea, lack of appetite, and dark yellow urine Signup and view all the answers

What cultural perspective is highlighted in the case of the 67-year-old widow?

The son's authority to make health-care decisions for dependent family members Signup and view all the answers

What principle provides the patient the option to delegate decision-making authority to another person?

Principle of autonomy Signup and view all the answers

What is the dominant value in making a decision about who gets the ventilator?

Maximizing benefits Signup and view all the answers

Who proposes that the decision about who gets a ventilator should not rest with front-line physicians and nurses?

Clinical ethics scholars Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential instrumental value of the second patient mentioned in the text?

Benefit to future patients Signup and view all the answers

Why do some ethics scholars propose that the burden of deciding who gets a ventilator should not be on front-line physicians and nurses?

To reduce emotional toll on healthcare workers Signup and view all the answers

What is the subordinate consideration in making a decision about who gets a ventilator, according to the text?

Promoting and rewarding instrumental value Signup and view all the answers

In Case 1, the conflict arises between which two ethical principles?

Beneficence and autonomy Signup and view all the answers

According to Case 1, what factors support the decision to treat the patient against his will?

The severity of illness and the urgency to treat Signup and view all the answers

What is the most probable diagnosis for the patient in Case 2?

Lung cancer Signup and view all the answers

Why does the patient in Case 2 refuse the recommended treatment?

Fear of surgery killing him Signup and view all the answers

How does the ethical dilemma in Case 2 differ from that in Case 1?

In Case 2, autonomy prevails over beneficence, whereas in Case 1, beneficence prevails over autonomy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ethical obligation of the surgeon in Case 5 according to the text?

Inform the patient of the error and its consequences, offer an apology, and report the error to hospital committees Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of truth-telling in patient autonomy according to the text?

It allows patients to make informed decisions about their care Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the possible risk reduction mechanisms mentioned in the text?

Risk Management Department and financial settlements Signup and view all the answers

What could reduce the threat of legal claims in situations like Case 5?

A climate of honesty and trust between physicians and patients Signup and view all the answers

What is the ethical obligation of the physician in Case 6 according to the text?

Provide appropriate care and treatment for the patient Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between soft paternalism and hard paternalism?

Soft paternalism involves nonautonomous patients, while hard paternalism involves fully informed and competent patients. Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of consumerism in the context of patient autonomy?

The physician's role is to provide all medical information and choices, with the patient making the final decision. Signup and view all the answers

How do Pellegrino and Thomasma argue that beneficence can be inclusive of patient autonomy?

By emphasizing that patient preferences are intimately linked with their best interests. Signup and view all the answers

What is imperative when goals of treatment change in the course of disease, according to the text?

The physician should communicate with the patient in clear and straightforward language about the changes in goals of treatment. Signup and view all the answers

In problem-solving in ethics in clinical practice, what does 'Context' refer to?

The medical history, family background, and social status of the patient. Signup and view all the answers

What does the American College of Physicians recommend for allocation decisions during resource scarcity?

Allocation based on patient need, prognosis, and effectiveness to maximize the number of patients who will recover Signup and view all the answers

What is at the core of professionalism in the physician-patient relationship?

Competent and compassionate care by the physician Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of discernment in decision-making, according to the text?

It is especially valuable in decision-making when principles of ethics collide Signup and view all the answers

Which virtue leads to trust and is needed when patients place themselves in the hands of physicians?

Trustworthiness Signup and view all the answers

What is the representation of the model envisioned by the author, as mentioned in the text?

A figure representing qualities of both 'heart' and 'head' Signup and view all the answers

What does professionalism demand when it comes to placing the interest of patients?

Placing the interest of patients above those of the physician Signup and view all the answers

What should allocation decisions during resource scarcity be based on, according to the American College of Physicians?

Patient need, prognosis, and effectiveness Signup and view all the answers