COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Disease
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Questions and Answers

What is the term used to describe the medical conditions that affect the functioning of the heart and blood vessels?

  • Cardiovascular disease (correct)
  • Coronary artery disease
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Peripheral artery disease

    • What is the result of the generalized inflammation that occurs in the body as a result of COVID-19 infection?

  • Injury to cells lining the blood vessels of the lungs
  • Damage to heart muscle tissue (correct)
  • Injury to cells lining the blood vessels of the liver
  • Damage to brain tissue

    • What is the term used to describe the process by which the arteries that supply the heart become narrowed or blocked?

  • Coronary artery disease
  • Atherosclerosis (correct)
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Hypertension

    • What is the term used to describe the disease that affects the arteries that supply the brain?

    <p>Carotid artery disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the disease that affects the arteries that supply the arms and legs?

    <p>Peripheral artery disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe high blood pressure that damages arteries that supply many organs?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of heart attack during COVID-19 infection?

    <p>Increased risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can dietary and lifestyle actions help to reduce the risk of?

    <p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of death in the United States?

    <p>CAD (Coronary Artery Disease)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the body's immune system responding to irritation in the artery?

    <p>Inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fixed bunch of clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow?

    <p>Thrombus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition that occurs when a clot blocks an artery in the brain and brain cells die?

    <p>Stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of atherosclerosis on the artery?

    <p>Narrowing of the artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the death of heart muscle due to a blockage of blood flow?

    <p>Myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the chronic process that negatively affects the functioning of arteries?

    <p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen when a plaque ruptures in an artery?

    <p>Clot formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of deaths in the United States caused by heart disease and stroke in 2018?

    <p>28%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen when a clot blocks an artery in a limb?

    <p>Gangrene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for amputation of a gangrenous limb in atherosclerosis?

    <p>To prevent life-threatening infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a thrombus or part of a plaque that breaks free from its original location and travels through the bloodstream?

    <p>Embolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arteries are most susceptible to damage from atherosclerosis?

    <p>Carotid arteries and blood vessels of the heart and brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common term for the stiffening of arteries due to atherosclerosis?

    <p>Hardening of the arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the bloodstream?

    <p>To transport lipids away from tissues and to the liver for processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for abnormally high blood pressure levels that persist even when the person is relaxed?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of atherosclerosis on the heart?

    <p>The heart works harder to circulate blood through abnormally stiff arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the structures that transport cholesterol and triglycerides in the bloodstream?

    <p>Lipoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of elevated blood pressure on the arteries in the brain?

    <p>It causes the arteries to tear or burst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct classification of LDL cholesterol?

    <p>Bad cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the chemical units that comprise proteins?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic abnormality that causes homocysteine to accumulate in the bloodstream?

    <p>Deficiency of certain B vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of B vitamins in the body?

    <p>To convert homocysteine into safer compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major risk factor for CVD that can be influenced by diet and exercise?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of high intakes of sodium in the diet?

    <p>Increased risk of hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition that damages arterial walls and increases the risk of stroke, heart failure, and kidney disease?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk factor for atherosclerosis that is increased by excess body fat, especially in the abdominal region?

    <p>Type 2 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of physical inactivity on the body?

    <p>Contributes to excess body fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of LDL in the body?

    <p>To transport cholesterol and other lipids into tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of tobacco use on the risk of heart disease and stroke?

    <p>Increases the risk of heart disease and stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of small, dense LDLs?

    <p>They are more likely to form plaque in arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk factor for heart disease that is associated with exposure to secondhand smoke?

    <p>Heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of chemically unstable substances damaging cholesterol in LDLs?

    <p>The oxidation of LDL cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of having high levels of oxidized LDL cholesterol in the bloodstream?

    <p>Increased risk of atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of VLDL?

    <p>It carries a larger amount of triglycerides than cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of excessive alcohol and refined carbohydrate intake?

    <p>Increased production of VLDL in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nonmodifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis?

    <p>Family history of CVD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of having a father or brother who was diagnosed with CVD before 55 years of age?

    <p>Increased risk of atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of malfunctioning HDLs?

    <p>They transport oxidized cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of cigarette smoking on oxidized LDL cholesterol?

    <p>It increases the production of oxidized LDL cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of e-cigarettes?

    <p>To provide a healthier alternative to smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk of using e-cigarettes?

    <p>Increasing the risk of severe lung injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does emotional stress contribute to atherosclerosis?

    <p>By causing physical changes in the body that can damage arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a risk factor and a cause of disease?

    <p>A risk factor increases the chances of developing a disease, but it is not the cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of regular medical checkups in assessing the risk of atherosclerosis?

    <p>To check for blood pressure and blood flow in carotid arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is measured in a lipoprotein profile?

    <p>Total serum cholesterol level, serum HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to fast for 12 hours before having blood drawn for a lipoprotein profile?

    <p>To ensure accurate results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'desirable' range for total cholesterol?

    <p>Less than 200 mg/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be done to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Reduce or eliminate modifiable risk factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of diet in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Diet influences the likelihood of atherosclerosis and is highly modifiable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

    • CVD is a group of medical conditions that affect the functioning of the heart and blood vessels
    • Forms of CVD include:
      • Coronary artery disease (CAD)
      • Carotid artery disease
      • Peripheral artery disease (PAD)
      • Chronic high blood pressure (hypertension)

    Atherosclerosis

    • Atherosclerosis is a chronic process that negatively affects the functioning of arteries
    • It leads to the formation of arterial plaques, which narrow and block the opening of arteries
    • Arterial plaques are composed of:
      • Cholesterol
      • Fat
      • Components of dead cells
      • Calcium
    • Atherosclerosis can cause:
      • Heart attack
      • Stroke
      • Gangrene
      • Amputation

    Lipoproteins and Atherosclerosis

    • Lipoproteins transport cholesterol and triglycerides in the bloodstream
    • Major types of lipoproteins:
      • Chylomicrons
      • High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
      • Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
      • Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
    • HDL is considered "good" cholesterol because it conveys lipids away from tissues and to the liver for processing and elimination
    • LDL is considered "bad" cholesterol because it conveys lipids to cells in arterial walls, contributing to plaque formation

    Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis

    • Nonmodifiable risk factors:
      • Family history of CVD
      • Increasing age
    • Modifiable risk factors:
      • Unhealthy diet
      • Hypertension
      • Insulin resistance and diabetes
      • Elevated blood cholesterol (especially LDL cholesterol)
      • Excess body fat
      • Physical inactivity
      • Tobacco use or exposure to tobacco smoke
    • Lifestyle changes can reduce the risk of atherosclerosis, such as:
      • Avoiding tobacco use
      • Limiting intake of saturated fat
      • Exercising regularly
      • Maintaining a healthy body weight

    Genetics and CVD

    • Genetics play a role in the development of atherosclerosis and CVD
    • Genetic defects can increase the risk of premature CVD
    • Deficiencies in certain B vitamins can also contribute to elevated blood homocysteine levels, which may be a marker for CVD

    Other Modifiable Risk Factors

    • Hypertension:
      • Can be reduced by limiting sodium intake
      • Is often referred to as a "silent disease" because it frequently lacks obvious symptoms
    • Diabetes:
      • Increases the risk of heart disease and stroke
      • Can be managed through diet and exercise
    • Excess body fat:
      • Is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes and hypertension
      • Can be reduced through a healthy diet and regular exercise
    • Physical inactivity:
      • Contributes to excess body fat and increases the risk of CVD
      • Can be improved through regular exercise and physical activity### Assessing the Risk of Atherosclerosis
    • Modifiable risk factors can be reduced or eliminated to forestall Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) and live a longer, more satisfying life.
    • Diet is a highly modifiable risk factor that influences the likelihood of atherosclerosis.

    Medical Testing

    • Regular medical checkups can help determine the risk of atherosclerosis.
    • A physician checks blood pressure and listens to blood flow in the carotid arteries to assess whether the arteries are becoming blocked.
    • A lipoprotein profile is requested to assess total serum cholesterol level, serum HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels.
    • Blood lipoprotein levels increase after consuming foods and beverages, and levels can remain elevated for a few hours.
    • To obtain accurate information, an individual should fast (avoid eating or drinking anything except plain water) for 12 hours before having blood drawn for a lipoprotein profile.

    Classification of Fasting Blood Lipid Levels

    • The "desirable" (low risk) range for total cholesterol is less than 200 mg/dl.
    • Average total blood cholesterol level for American adults in 2013-2016 was 191 mg/dl.
    • 12% of adults have blood cholesterol levels of 240 mg/dl or higher, placing them at high risk of cardiovascular disease.
    • Classification of fasting blood lipid levels according to risk of CVD:
      • Total cholesterol: less than 200 mg/dl (desirable), 200-239 mg/dl (borderline high), 240 mg/dl or higher (high risk)
      • LDL cholesterol: less than 100 mg/dl (optimal), 100-129 mg/dl (near optimal), 130-159 mg/dl (borderline high), 160 mg/dl or higher (high risk)
      • HDL cholesterol: 60 mg/dl or higher (high), 40-59 mg/dl (medium), less than 40 mg/dl (low)
      • Triglycerides: less than 150 mg/dl (normal), 150-199 mg/dl (borderline high), 200 mg/dl or higher (high risk)

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    Explore the effects of the coronavirus on the heart, including heart failure and cardiovascular disease. Learn about the short- and long-term effects of COVID-19 on the heart.

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