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Questions and Answers
What is the term used to describe the medical conditions that affect the functioning of the heart and blood vessels?
What is the term used to describe the medical conditions that affect the functioning of the heart and blood vessels?
- Cardiovascular disease (correct)
- Coronary artery disease
- Atherosclerosis
- Peripheral artery disease
What is the result of the generalized inflammation that occurs in the body as a result of COVID-19 infection?
What is the result of the generalized inflammation that occurs in the body as a result of COVID-19 infection?
- Injury to cells lining the blood vessels of the lungs
- Damage to heart muscle tissue (correct)
- Injury to cells lining the blood vessels of the liver
- Damage to brain tissue
What is the term used to describe the process by which the arteries that supply the heart become narrowed or blocked?
What is the term used to describe the process by which the arteries that supply the heart become narrowed or blocked?
- Coronary artery disease
- Atherosclerosis (correct)
- Cardiovascular disease
- Hypertension
What is the term used to describe the disease that affects the arteries that supply the brain?
What is the term used to describe the disease that affects the arteries that supply the brain?
What is the term used to describe the disease that affects the arteries that supply the arms and legs?
What is the term used to describe the disease that affects the arteries that supply the arms and legs?
What is the term used to describe high blood pressure that damages arteries that supply many organs?
What is the term used to describe high blood pressure that damages arteries that supply many organs?
What is the risk of heart attack during COVID-19 infection?
What is the risk of heart attack during COVID-19 infection?
What can dietary and lifestyle actions help to reduce the risk of?
What can dietary and lifestyle actions help to reduce the risk of?
What is the most common cause of death in the United States?
What is the most common cause of death in the United States?
What is the result of the body's immune system responding to irritation in the artery?
What is the result of the body's immune system responding to irritation in the artery?
What is the term for the fixed bunch of clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow?
What is the term for the fixed bunch of clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow?
What is the condition that occurs when a clot blocks an artery in the brain and brain cells die?
What is the condition that occurs when a clot blocks an artery in the brain and brain cells die?
What is the result of atherosclerosis on the artery?
What is the result of atherosclerosis on the artery?
What is the term for the death of heart muscle due to a blockage of blood flow?
What is the term for the death of heart muscle due to a blockage of blood flow?
What is the term for the chronic process that negatively affects the functioning of arteries?
What is the term for the chronic process that negatively affects the functioning of arteries?
What can happen when a plaque ruptures in an artery?
What can happen when a plaque ruptures in an artery?
What is the percentage of deaths in the United States caused by heart disease and stroke in 2018?
What is the percentage of deaths in the United States caused by heart disease and stroke in 2018?
What can happen when a clot blocks an artery in a limb?
What can happen when a clot blocks an artery in a limb?
What is the primary reason for amputation of a gangrenous limb in atherosclerosis?
What is the primary reason for amputation of a gangrenous limb in atherosclerosis?
What is the term for a thrombus or part of a plaque that breaks free from its original location and travels through the bloodstream?
What is the term for a thrombus or part of a plaque that breaks free from its original location and travels through the bloodstream?
Which arteries are most susceptible to damage from atherosclerosis?
Which arteries are most susceptible to damage from atherosclerosis?
What is the common term for the stiffening of arteries due to atherosclerosis?
What is the common term for the stiffening of arteries due to atherosclerosis?
What is the primary function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the bloodstream?
What is the primary function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the bloodstream?
What is the term for abnormally high blood pressure levels that persist even when the person is relaxed?
What is the term for abnormally high blood pressure levels that persist even when the person is relaxed?
What is the consequence of atherosclerosis on the heart?
What is the consequence of atherosclerosis on the heart?
What is the term for the structures that transport cholesterol and triglycerides in the bloodstream?
What is the term for the structures that transport cholesterol and triglycerides in the bloodstream?
What is the effect of elevated blood pressure on the arteries in the brain?
What is the effect of elevated blood pressure on the arteries in the brain?
What is the correct classification of LDL cholesterol?
What is the correct classification of LDL cholesterol?
What are the chemical units that comprise proteins?
What are the chemical units that comprise proteins?
What is the genetic abnormality that causes homocysteine to accumulate in the bloodstream?
What is the genetic abnormality that causes homocysteine to accumulate in the bloodstream?
What is the role of B vitamins in the body?
What is the role of B vitamins in the body?
What is a major risk factor for CVD that can be influenced by diet and exercise?
What is a major risk factor for CVD that can be influenced by diet and exercise?
What is the result of high intakes of sodium in the diet?
What is the result of high intakes of sodium in the diet?
What is the condition that damages arterial walls and increases the risk of stroke, heart failure, and kidney disease?
What is the condition that damages arterial walls and increases the risk of stroke, heart failure, and kidney disease?
What is the risk factor for atherosclerosis that is increased by excess body fat, especially in the abdominal region?
What is the risk factor for atherosclerosis that is increased by excess body fat, especially in the abdominal region?
What is the effect of physical inactivity on the body?
What is the effect of physical inactivity on the body?
What is the main function of LDL in the body?
What is the main function of LDL in the body?
What is the result of tobacco use on the risk of heart disease and stroke?
What is the result of tobacco use on the risk of heart disease and stroke?
What is a characteristic of small, dense LDLs?
What is a characteristic of small, dense LDLs?
What is the risk factor for heart disease that is associated with exposure to secondhand smoke?
What is the risk factor for heart disease that is associated with exposure to secondhand smoke?
What is the result of chemically unstable substances damaging cholesterol in LDLs?
What is the result of chemically unstable substances damaging cholesterol in LDLs?
What is a consequence of having high levels of oxidized LDL cholesterol in the bloodstream?
What is a consequence of having high levels of oxidized LDL cholesterol in the bloodstream?
What is a characteristic of VLDL?
What is a characteristic of VLDL?
What is a consequence of excessive alcohol and refined carbohydrate intake?
What is a consequence of excessive alcohol and refined carbohydrate intake?
What is a nonmodifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis?
What is a nonmodifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis?
What is the result of having a father or brother who was diagnosed with CVD before 55 years of age?
What is the result of having a father or brother who was diagnosed with CVD before 55 years of age?
What is a characteristic of malfunctioning HDLs?
What is a characteristic of malfunctioning HDLs?
What is the result of cigarette smoking on oxidized LDL cholesterol?
What is the result of cigarette smoking on oxidized LDL cholesterol?
What is the purpose of e-cigarettes?
What is the purpose of e-cigarettes?
What is a potential risk of using e-cigarettes?
What is a potential risk of using e-cigarettes?
How does emotional stress contribute to atherosclerosis?
How does emotional stress contribute to atherosclerosis?
What is the difference between a risk factor and a cause of disease?
What is the difference between a risk factor and a cause of disease?
What is the purpose of regular medical checkups in assessing the risk of atherosclerosis?
What is the purpose of regular medical checkups in assessing the risk of atherosclerosis?
What is measured in a lipoprotein profile?
What is measured in a lipoprotein profile?
Why is it important to fast for 12 hours before having blood drawn for a lipoprotein profile?
Why is it important to fast for 12 hours before having blood drawn for a lipoprotein profile?
What is the 'desirable' range for total cholesterol?
What is the 'desirable' range for total cholesterol?
What can be done to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis?
What can be done to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis?
What is the role of diet in atherosclerosis?
What is the role of diet in atherosclerosis?
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
- CVD is a group of medical conditions that affect the functioning of the heart and blood vessels
- Forms of CVD include:
- Coronary artery disease (CAD)
- Carotid artery disease
- Peripheral artery disease (PAD)
- Chronic high blood pressure (hypertension)
Atherosclerosis
- Atherosclerosis is a chronic process that negatively affects the functioning of arteries
- It leads to the formation of arterial plaques, which narrow and block the opening of arteries
- Arterial plaques are composed of:
- Cholesterol
- Fat
- Components of dead cells
- Calcium
- Atherosclerosis can cause:
- Heart attack
- Stroke
- Gangrene
- Amputation
Lipoproteins and Atherosclerosis
- Lipoproteins transport cholesterol and triglycerides in the bloodstream
- Major types of lipoproteins:
- Chylomicrons
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
- Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
- HDL is considered "good" cholesterol because it conveys lipids away from tissues and to the liver for processing and elimination
- LDL is considered "bad" cholesterol because it conveys lipids to cells in arterial walls, contributing to plaque formation
Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis
- Nonmodifiable risk factors:
- Family history of CVD
- Increasing age
- Modifiable risk factors:
- Unhealthy diet
- Hypertension
- Insulin resistance and diabetes
- Elevated blood cholesterol (especially LDL cholesterol)
- Excess body fat
- Physical inactivity
- Tobacco use or exposure to tobacco smoke
- Lifestyle changes can reduce the risk of atherosclerosis, such as:
- Avoiding tobacco use
- Limiting intake of saturated fat
- Exercising regularly
- Maintaining a healthy body weight
Genetics and CVD
- Genetics play a role in the development of atherosclerosis and CVD
- Genetic defects can increase the risk of premature CVD
- Deficiencies in certain B vitamins can also contribute to elevated blood homocysteine levels, which may be a marker for CVD
Other Modifiable Risk Factors
- Hypertension:
- Can be reduced by limiting sodium intake
- Is often referred to as a "silent disease" because it frequently lacks obvious symptoms
- Diabetes:
- Increases the risk of heart disease and stroke
- Can be managed through diet and exercise
- Excess body fat:
- Is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes and hypertension
- Can be reduced through a healthy diet and regular exercise
- Physical inactivity:
- Contributes to excess body fat and increases the risk of CVD
- Can be improved through regular exercise and physical activity### Assessing the Risk of Atherosclerosis
- Modifiable risk factors can be reduced or eliminated to forestall Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) and live a longer, more satisfying life.
- Diet is a highly modifiable risk factor that influences the likelihood of atherosclerosis.
Medical Testing
- Regular medical checkups can help determine the risk of atherosclerosis.
- A physician checks blood pressure and listens to blood flow in the carotid arteries to assess whether the arteries are becoming blocked.
- A lipoprotein profile is requested to assess total serum cholesterol level, serum HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels.
- Blood lipoprotein levels increase after consuming foods and beverages, and levels can remain elevated for a few hours.
- To obtain accurate information, an individual should fast (avoid eating or drinking anything except plain water) for 12 hours before having blood drawn for a lipoprotein profile.
Classification of Fasting Blood Lipid Levels
- The "desirable" (low risk) range for total cholesterol is less than 200 mg/dl.
- Average total blood cholesterol level for American adults in 2013-2016 was 191 mg/dl.
- 12% of adults have blood cholesterol levels of 240 mg/dl or higher, placing them at high risk of cardiovascular disease.
- Classification of fasting blood lipid levels according to risk of CVD:
- Total cholesterol: less than 200 mg/dl (desirable), 200-239 mg/dl (borderline high), 240 mg/dl or higher (high risk)
- LDL cholesterol: less than 100 mg/dl (optimal), 100-129 mg/dl (near optimal), 130-159 mg/dl (borderline high), 160 mg/dl or higher (high risk)
- HDL cholesterol: 60 mg/dl or higher (high), 40-59 mg/dl (medium), less than 40 mg/dl (low)
- Triglycerides: less than 150 mg/dl (normal), 150-199 mg/dl (borderline high), 200 mg/dl or higher (high risk)
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