Countercurrent Mechanism in Kidney Physiology

Study Notes

The Countercurrent Mechanism

The Henle's loop and vasa recta work together to create a concentrated urine.
Filtrate flows in opposite directions in the two limbs of Henle's loop, forming a countercurrent.
Blood flow through the vasa recta is also countercurrent.
This arrangement helps maintain an increasing osmolarity towards the inner medullary interstitium (from 300 mOsmolL–1 in the cortex to about 1200 mOsmolL–1 in the inner medulla).
NaCl and urea create the osmolarity gradient.
NaCl is transported by the ascending limb of Henle's loop and exchanged with the descending limb of vasa recta.
NaCl is returned to the interstitium by the ascending portion of vasa recta.
Small amounts of urea enter the thin segment of the ascending limb of Henle's loop and are transported back to the interstitium by the collecting tubule.
This mechanism helps maintain a concentration gradient in the medullary interstitium.
The gradient facilitates water passage from the collecting tubule, concentrating the filtrate (urine).
Human kidneys can produce urine nearly four times concentrated than the initial filtrate.

Regulation of Kidney Function

Kidney function is regulated by hormonal feedback mechanisms involving the hypothalamus, JGA, and heart.
Osmoreceptors in the body are activated by changes in blood volume, body fluid volume, and ionic concentration.
Excessive fluid loss activates osmoreceptors, stimulating the hypothalamus to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin from the neurohypophysis.
ADH facilitates water reabsorption from the latter parts of the tubule, preventing diuresis.
Increased body fluid volume suppresses ADH release.
ADH also constricts blood vessels, increasing blood pressure.
Increased blood pressure increases glomerular blood flow and GFR.
The JGA plays a complex regulatory role.
A fall in glomerular blood flow/glomerular blood pressure/GFR activates JG cells to release renin.
Renin converts angiotensinogen in blood to angiotensin I, then to angiotensin II.
Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictor that increases glomerular blood pressure and GFR.
Angiotensin II also activates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone.
Aldosterone causes reabsorption of Na+ and water from the distal parts of the tubule, increasing blood pressure and GFR.
This mechanism is known as the Renin-Angiotensin mechanism.
Increased blood flow to the atria of the heart causes the release of Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF).
ANF causes vasodilation, decreasing blood pressure.
The ANF mechanism acts as a check on the renin-angiotensin mechanism.

Urine Formation and Excretion

Urine formed by the nephrons is carried to the urinary bladder for storage.
The urinary bladder stretches as it fills with urine, activating stretch receptors.
Stretch receptors send signals to the CNS, which initiates contraction of the bladder's smooth muscles and relaxation of the urethral sphincter, causing urine release.
This process is called micturition and is controlled by the micturition reflex.
An adult human excretes, on average, 1 to 1.5 liters of urine per day.
Urine is a light yellow colored watery fluid, slightly acidic (pH-6.0), with a characteristic odor.
25-30 gm of urea is excreted per day.
Urine analysis can help diagnose metabolic disorders and kidney malfunction.
For example, glucose (Glycosuria) and ketone bodies (Ketonuria) in urine are indicative of diabetes.

Description

Explore the countercurrent mechanism involving Henle's loop and vasa recta in kidney physiology. This quiz covers the processes that concentrate urine and maintain osmolarity in renal medulla. Test your understanding of how this system operates to support homeostasis.