Cost Accumulation and Allocation Techniques

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason managers need reliable cost estimates?

  • To create job opportunities
  • To enhance marketing strategies
  • To determine employee satisfaction
  • To price products (correct)

Which of the following is not considered a secondary cost object in the promotion example?

  • Cost of advertising
  • Cost of merchandise sales (correct)
  • Cost of caps
  • Cost of labor

Which factor best describes a cost driver?

  • A fixed amount of cost assigned to an object
  • A factor that does not affect total costs
  • A factor that causes or drives an activity's costs (correct)
  • An activity that incurs costs without causation

What should management consider before deciding to run the promotion?

<p>If it will generate additional revenues exceeding $15,800 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a variable overhead cost?

<p>Utilities based on machine usage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cost allocation, what is meant by 'salary allocation methods'?

<p>Techniques for distributing employee salaries across departments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact can departmental bonuses have on cost management?

<p>Encourages cost control within departments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the number of advertisements act as a cost driver?

<p>It correlates directly to the advertising cost incurred (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of calculating the allocation rate in cost allocation?

<p>To distribute costs based on a specific measure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the allocation rate per direct labor hour calculated?

<p>$60,000 ÷ 6,000 Hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When using direct labor hours as the cost driver, how much is allocated for desks?

<p>$35,000 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best explains the relationship between direct materials and indirect materials in cost allocation?

<p>Higher direct materials usage likely leads to increased indirect materials usage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about using labor hours as the cost driver?

<p>It assumes all products use the same amount of indirect materials. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What allocation method might Filmier employ if labor hours are deemed inappropriate?

<p>Direct materials dollars as the cost driver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the given calculations, what was the total allocation for chairs when using direct labor hours?

<p>$25,000 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option best describes the impact of cost drivers in production?

<p>Cost drivers link costs to units produced or labor hours worked. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of accumulating individual costs into a single cost pool?

<p>To simplify the allocation process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cost driver would be most appropriate for the allocation of the utilities cost?

<p>Total area used in square feet (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much is allocated to the Women's department based on the rent allocation rate?

<p>$9,600 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might ISI use the driver linked to the total amount of sales for shopping bags?

<p>It has a stronger cause-and-effect relationship (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the utility allocation rate calculated per square foot?

<p>$0.10 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cost drivers is correct?

<p>Each cost can have multiple drivers, but some are more effective than others (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total rent allocated for the Children's department based on the allocation?

<p>$3,200 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would the allocation of bonuses to departments potentially impact overall costs?

<p>If departments do not use resources efficiently (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The total costs to be allocated for rent were $______.

<p>18400</p> Signup and view all the answers

The allocation rate for rent was calculated to be $______ per square foot.

<p>0.80</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the Men's department, the cost allocated was $______.

<p>5600</p> Signup and view all the answers

The total utility costs to be allocated were $______.

<p>2300</p> Signup and view all the answers

The allocation rate for utilities was calculated at $______ per square foot.

<p>0.10</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the Children's department, the total allocated amount for utilities was $______.

<p>400</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cost allocation, many individual costs are accumulated into a single cost ______.

<p>pool</p> Signup and view all the answers

Selecting the right cost ______ is crucial for effective cost allocation.

<p>driver</p> Signup and view all the answers

The children's department uses more shopping bags than the ______ department.

<p>men's</p> Signup and view all the answers

To allocate supply cost to the departments, ISI must maintain a record of the number of ______ transactions per department.

<p>sales</p> Signup and view all the answers

The allocation rate for supplies is calculated as total costs to be allocated divided by total costs ______.

<p>driver</p> Signup and view all the answers

The allocation for the Women's department based on sales of $190,000 at an allocation rate of $0.0025 is ______.

<p>$475</p> Signup and view all the answers

For advertising, the allocation rate is calculated as advertising costs divided by total costs ______.

<p>driver</p> Signup and view all the answers

There is no strong cause-and-effect relationship between the store manager’s salary and the ______.

<p>departments</p> Signup and view all the answers

The total allocation for advertisements across all departments amounts to ______.

<p>$7200</p> Signup and view all the answers

Total Costs to be allocated is $60,000 Indirect Materials divided by the total ___ Driver.

<p>costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Allocation Rate for indirect materials is calculated to be $12 per ___.

<p>unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

The allocation rate for supplies calculated was ______ per sales dollar.

<p>$0.0025</p> Signup and view all the answers

$60,000 Indirect Materials divided by 6,000 Hours results in an Allocation Rate of $10 per direct labor ___.

<p>hour</p> Signup and view all the answers

The total allocation for desks when using direct labor hours is $___,000.

<p>35</p> Signup and view all the answers

If direct materials usage is considered, the usage is measured in material ___.

<p>dollars</p> Signup and view all the answers

When using labor hours as the cost driver, Filmier allocates $10 per direct labor hour to ___.

<p>chairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

The total costs allocated for chairs is calculated by multiplying $10 per direct labor hour by the ___ units allocated.

<p>2,500</p> Signup and view all the answers

The total cost allocated across desks and chairs is ___ to match the total indirect materials cost.

<p>equal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The total costs to be allocated for Rent is ______.

<p>$28,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

The allocation rate for Rent per bottle is ______ per Bottle.

<p>$0.014</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term used for the overhead allocation rate determined before actual cost and volume data are available is ______.

<p>predetermined overhead rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Grave Manufacturing estimates its supervisor’s salary to be ______ per year.

<p>$36,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

The allocation rate per unit for the supervisor’s salary is calculated as ______ per Unit.

<p>$2.00</p> Signup and view all the answers

In January, the allocation for production based on the allocation rate is ______.

<p>$1,600</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cost allocations can significantly influence managers’ performance evaluations and ______.

<p>compensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Control over resources usually offers managers ______ and influence over organizational operations.

<p>prestige</p> Signup and view all the answers

Managers use estimated costs to make decisions about the ______.

<p>future</p> Signup and view all the answers

Companies use cost estimates to establish ______ and use actual costs to evaluate management performance.

<p>goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Direct costs can be easily traced to a cost ______.

<p>object</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indirect costs are also called ______ costs.

<p>overhead</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Style, Inc. began paying managers a ______ based on departmental sales revenue.

<p>bonus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Whether or not a cost is easily traceable requires cost / benefit ______.

<p>analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Estimated costs are used to ______ on contracts.

<p>bid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Evaluating proposals requires comparing estimated costs to ______ cost data.

<p>actual</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dean Southport addressed the allocation of copying resources with a total budgeted cost of $______.

<p>36,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

The allocation for the management department was initially set at $______.

<p>12,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

There are a total of ______ faculty members in the School of Business.

<p>72</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cost allocation per faculty member was calculated to be $______.

<p>500</p> Signup and view all the answers

The allocation for accounting based on the number of faculty was $______.

<p>8,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dr. Smethers questioned the accuracy of using the number of faculty members as the ______.

<p>cost driver</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the finance department, the allocation calculated was $______.

<p>6,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dr. Smethers suggested using the number of ______ as a cost driver instead of faculty members.

<p>students</p> Signup and view all the answers

Managers must have reliable cost estimates to price ______.

<p>products</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cost objects are the things for which we are trying to determine the ______.

<p>cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

A cost ______ is any factor that causes or drives an activity's costs.

<p>driver</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cost accumulation begins with identifying the cost ______.

<p>objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

The number of caps serves as a cost ______ for the cost of caps.

<p>driver</p> Signup and view all the answers

To determine costs, accountants use cost ______ to measure the expenses related to specific objects.

<p>accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The total promotion costs will be considered worthwhile if expected revenues exceed ______.

<p>15,800</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cost of advertising in a promotion is considered a secondary cost ______.

<p>object</p> Signup and view all the answers

Managers use estimated costs to ______ prices.

<p>set</p> Signup and view all the answers

Actual cost data is used to evaluate ______ performance.

<p>management</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indirect costs are often referred to as ______ costs.

<p>overhead</p> Signup and view all the answers

Assigning costs to departments requires ______ tracing and cost allocation.

<p>cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

Companies use ______ estimates to establish goals.

<p>cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

A new bonus strategy requires determining the cost of operating each ______.

<p>department</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cost / benefit analysis helps in determining whether a cost is easily ______.

<p>traceable</p> Signup and view all the answers

Managers bid on contracts based on their ______ costs.

<p>estimated</p> Signup and view all the answers

The total costs to be allocated were $______.

<p>36,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using the allocation rate, $36,000 divided by 1,200 students gives an allocation rate of $______ per student.

<p>30</p> Signup and view all the answers

Costs for the Management department were allocated with a total of $______ based on 330 students.

<p>9,900</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dr. Thompson argued that the size of the ______ is a more appropriate allocation base.

<p>faculty</p> Signup and view all the answers

The allocation for the Finance department based on 290 students amounts to $______.

<p>8,700</p> Signup and view all the answers

The total number of students taught during the most recent academic year was ______.

<p>1,200</p> Signup and view all the answers

The total allocation for the Marketing department based on 220 students is $______.

<p>6,600</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dr. Smethers sided with Dr. Thompson regarding the best approach to allocating ______ costs.

<p>copying</p> Signup and view all the answers

The predetermined overhead rate (POHR) is calculated using total costs to be allocated divided by total costs ______.

<p>driver</p> Signup and view all the answers

Grave Manufacturing's estimated supervisor's salary is $______ per year.

<p>36,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

In January, when the allocation rate is $2.00 per unit, the total cost allocated for 800 units is $______.

<p>1,600</p> Signup and view all the answers

The allocation rate for fixed costs will vary based on monthly production ______.

<p>volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

The total costs to be allocated for rent amounts to $______.

<p>28,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

The calculation for the allocation rate involved $28,000 rent divided by 2,000,000 bottles produced, resulting in $______ per bottle.

<p>0.014</p> Signup and view all the answers

Control over resources typically grants managers prestige and ______ over organizational operations.

<p>influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Monthly production volume variations can lead to customers perceiving price differences as ______.

<p>unreasonable</p> Signup and view all the answers

The total costs to be allocated are $60,000 Indirect Materials divided by the total ______ Driver.

<p>cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

For allocating fringe benefits, ______ hours would be a more appropriate cost driver.

<p>direct labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

The total costs to be allocated is $9360 ______ Salary.

<p>Mgr.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Lednicky Bottling Company rents its manufacturing facility for $______ per year.

<p>28,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

The allocation rate for store manager's salary is calculated as total costs to be allocated divided by total costs ______.

<p>Driver</p> Signup and view all the answers

If Lednicky produced 2,000,000 bottles of juice, the allocation of rental cost is spread over total ______.

<p>production</p> Signup and view all the answers

The store manager allocates their salary equally among the ______.

<p>departments</p> Signup and view all the answers

Management must use judgment to decide on the best ______ based on allocation accuracy.

<p>cost driver</p> Signup and view all the answers

A causal relationship exists between variable overhead costs and the ______ of production.

<p>volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

Filmier Furniture produced 4,000 chairs and ______ desks.

<p>1,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

Allocating fixed overhead costs often requires an allocation base that spreads total overhead cost ______ over total production.

<p>equally</p> Signup and view all the answers

$60,000 of indirect materials cost incurred during the period should be allocated based on the number of ______.

<p>units</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the allocation of machine maintenance costs is needed, a different volume-based cost driver, ______ hours, would be appropriate.

<p>machine</p> Signup and view all the answers

To allocate rental costs effectively, it is important to consider both ending inventory and cost of goods ______.

<p>sold</p> Signup and view all the answers

Departmental managers received ______ based on each department’s profitability.

<p>bonuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

The allocation for the ______ department was determined by calculating the number of units produced.

<p>Children's</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Units Allocation

A method of allocating indirect materials cost based on the number of units produced.

Allocation Rate

The cost per unit or driver used to distribute indirect costs to different products.

Cost Driver (per)

The quantity of the cost driver used by each product.

Labor Hours Allocation

Distributing indirect materials costs based on direct labor hours worked.

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Direct Materials Cost as Cost Driver

Assign indirect costs using quantities of raw materials used.

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Indirect Materials

The materials needed to make the furniture, but not the main components

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Direct Materials

The main materials needed to construct each piece

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Cost Object

Specific product used to track and receive cost allocation

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Allocation Rate

The amount of cost assigned to a single unit of the cost driver.

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Cost Accumulation

The process of gathering costs for a specific cost object.

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Cost Object

Anything for which a cost is measured.

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Cost Driver

A factor that causes a change in the cost of an activity or product.

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Cost Pool

A grouping of individual costs.

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Cost Driver

A factor that causes or directly influences a cost.

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Rent Allocation

The process of dividing rent costs among different departments or cost objects.

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Cost Allocation

Distributing indirect costs to various cost objects.

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Utilities Allocation

The distribution of utility costs among different cost objects, like departments or products.

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Primary Cost Object

The main item for which costs are calculated.

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Secondary Cost Object

Smaller parts of a project or product that make up the primary cost object.

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Cost Object

Any item for which costs are determined and collected.

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Step 1 Allocation

Determine the allocation rate by dividing total costs by the total cost driver.

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Use of Cost Drivers

Determining costs based on the activities that cause those costs.

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Step 2 Allocation

Calculating the cost assigned to each cost object using the allocation rate and corresponding cost driver amount.

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Cost of Promotion

Total expenses associated with a planned game promotion.

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Estimated Costs

Projected costs used for decision-making about the future.

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Actual Costs

The real costs incurred after an activity or project is completed.

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Direct Costs

Costs that can be easily traced to a specific cost object.

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Indirect Costs

Costs that cannot be easily traced to a specific cost object.

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Cost Object

Anything for which costs are measured and collected.

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Cost Allocation

Distributing indirect costs to various cost objects.

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Cost Tracing

Assigning direct costs to specific cost objects.

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Estimated vs. Actual Cost Comparison

Comparing projected costs to the costs actually incurred.

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Allocation Rate

The cost per unit of a cost driver used to distribute indirect costs.

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Cost Driver

A factor that causes a change in the cost of an activity or product.

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Rent Allocation

Distributing rent costs among different departments.

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Utilities Allocation

Distributing utility costs to different departments based on a cost driver.

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Cost Pool

A collection of individual costs combined for allocation.

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Cost Object

A product, department, or project to which costs are assigned.

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Step 1 Allocation (Rent)

Calculates the allocation rate by dividing total rent by total square footage.

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Step 2 Allocation

Distributing determined costs to individual cost objects—by multiplying the allocation rate by the cost driver for each object.

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Best Cost Driver

The factor most strongly linked to a particular cost, used for cost allocation.

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Sales Transactions Allocation

Assigning supply costs based on the number of sales transactions.

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Allocation Base

A common metric or factor used in allocating costs.

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Allocation Rate

Calculates cost per unit of a cost driver.

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Cause-and-Effect Relationship

A connection where one factor directly influences another. Essential for cost driver selection.

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Information Availability

The quantity and type of data affecting which cost drivers are useful.

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Cost Driver Selection

Choosing the factor most strongly related to the cost, used for cost allocation.

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Cost Allocation

The process to divide shared costs among cost objects.

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Indirect Material Allocation (Units)

Allocating indirect material costs based on the number of units produced.

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Allocation Rate (Units)

Calculated by dividing total indirect material costs by total units produced.

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Cost Driver (Labor Hours)

A factor that drives or causes indirect material costs; in this case, direct labor hours.

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Indirect Material Allocation (Labor Hours)

Assigning indirect material costs based on direct labor hours.

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Direct Material Cost Driver

Allocating indirect materials based on direct material usage (dollars).

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Allocation Rate (Labor)

Indirect cost per direct labor hour.

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Cost Object (Desk/Chair)

Specific product or item to which costs are assigned (desks or chairs).

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Allocation Step 1

Calculating the rate of allocation by dividing total costs by the total cost driver.

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Fixed Overhead Allocation

Distributing fixed costs, like rent or supervisor salaries, to specific cost objects (products, departments, etc), using a predetermined overhead rate.

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Allocation Rate

The cost assigned to a single unit of a cost driver, like the cost per bottle of water or per production unit.

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Cost Driver

A factor that directly influences a cost, like the number of bottles produced or units manufactured.

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Predetermined Overhead Rate (POHR)

An estimated cost per unit of a cost driver used for allocating overhead before the actual costs are known.

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Fixed Cost Allocation (Monthly Fluctuations)

Allocating fixed costs when the volume changes. A predetermined overhead rate is crucial in this situation.

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Cost Object

A specific product, department, or project to which costs are assigned.

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Step 1 Allocation

Determine the allocation rate by dividing total costs by the total cost driver.

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Step 2 Allocation

Compute the cost assigned to each cost object by multiplying the allocation rate by each cost object's corresponding cost driver amount.

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Cost Allocation

Distributing indirect costs to different departments or items.

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Cost Driver

A factor that causes a change in a cost.

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Allocation Rate

The cost per unit of a cost driver.

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Faculty as Cost Driver

Using the number of faculty members to allocate copying costs.

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Student as Cost Driver

Suggesting the number of students as a better way to allocate copying.

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Copying Cost Allocation

Dividing the budget of $36,000 for copying resources amongst departments.

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Departmental Allocation

Distributing the copying budget to specific departments.

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Management Protest

The management department's objection to the copying allocation method.

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Estimated Costs

Projected costs used for decision-making about the future.

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Actual Costs

Real costs incurred after an activity or project is completed.

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Direct Costs

Costs that are easily traced to a specific cost object.

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Indirect Costs

Costs that cannot be easily traced to a specific cost object.

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Cost Object

Anything for which costs are measured and collected, like a product, department, or project.

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Cost Allocation

The process of distributing indirect costs to various cost objects.

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Estimated vs. Actual Cost Comparison

Comparing projected costs to the costs actually incurred.

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Cost Driver

A factor that causes a change in the cost of an activity or product.

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Cost Accumulation

The process of collecting costs related to a specific cost object.

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Cost Object

Anything for which costs are measured, like a product, service, or department.

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Cost Driver

A factor that causes a cost to change, like the number of units produced or hours worked.

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Cost Allocation

Distributing indirect costs to different cost objects.

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Primary Cost Object

The main item for which costs are calculated, like a specific promotion.

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Secondary Cost Object

Parts of a larger cost object, like individual costs of caps, advertising, or labor.

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Use of Cost Drivers

Determining costs based on activities that directly cause them.

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Why use Costing?

Managers require precise cost estimates for various tasks like pricing, performance evaluation, operational control, and financial reporting.

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Store Manager's Salary Allocation

Distributing the store manager's salary among different departments.

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Cost Driver (Sales)

A factor influencing costs; like sales volume that could be used to allocate costs related to sales.

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Cost Driver (Units)

A factor used to allocate costs based on the number of units produced.

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Allocation Rate (Indirect Materials)

Calculated by dividing total indirect materials by the total number of units produced.

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Variable Overhead Costs

Costs that fluctuate proportionally to the production volume.

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Cost Driver for Variable Costs

Factors that measure volumes of production, such as units produced, labor hours and materials used.

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Behavioral Implications (Cost Allocation)

Changes in manager behavior due to cost allocation methods.

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Allocation Rate Calculation

Dividing the total cost by the total cost driver to find the cost per unit of cost driver.

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DM Allocation Step 1

Calculates the allocation rate by dividing total costs to be allocated by the total cost driver (e.g., direct material cost).

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DM Allocation Step 2

Calculates the total cost for each cost object by multiplying the allocation rate by the cost driver amount for that cost object.

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Best Cost Driver

The factor most closely related to the costs being allocated, providing the most accurate allocation.

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Fixed Overhead Allocation

Distributing fixed costs across products or departments. Volume of goods produced doesn't affect fixed cost!

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Fixed Cost

Costs that remain constant regardless of production volume (e.g., rent).

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Cost Driver (DM)

The factor (usually the quantity) used to allocate costs based on direct material usage.

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Cost Object

A product, department, or project to which costs are assigned during cost allocation.

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Allocation Rate

The cost assigned to a single unit of the cost driver. Calculated by dividing total costs to be allocated by the total of the cost driver.

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Fixed Overhead Allocation

Distributing fixed costs (like rent or salaries) to products or departments using a predetermined overhead rate.

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Predetermined Overhead Rate (POHR)

An estimated cost per unit of a cost driver used to allocate overhead before actual costs are known.

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Allocation Rate

The cost assigned to a single unit of a cost driver.

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Cost Driver

A factor that directly influences a cost.

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Step 1 Allocation

Determine the allocation rate by dividing total costs by the total cost driver.

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Step 2 Allocation

Calculate the cost assigned to each cost object by multiplying the allocation rate by each cost object's corresponding cost driver amount.

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Fixed Cost Allocation (Monthly Fluctuations)

Allocating fixed costs when the volume changes. A predetermined overhead rate is essential in this situation.

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Cost Object

Anything for which costs are measured and collected, such as a product or department.

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Cost Driver (Students)

The number of students is used to allocate copying costs.

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Allocation Rate (Copying)

Cost per student for copying ($30 in provided example).

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Step 1 Allocation

Calculation of the allocation rate, dividing total costs by the total cost driver (students).

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Step 2 Allocation

Applying the calculated allocation rate to each department's cost driver (number of students).

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Best Cost Driver (Copying)

The factor most strongly related to copying costs, in this case, the number of students.

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Faculty vs. Student as Cost Driver

A debate on whether the number of faculty or students is a better measure for allocating copying costs.

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Interpersonal Skills (Cost Allocation)

The importance of communication and persuasion in cost allocation decisions.

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Copying Cost Allocation

Dividing copying costs among different departments based on the number of students.

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Study Notes

Cost Accumulation, Tracing, and Allocation

  • Cost accumulation starts by identifying cost objects.
  • The primary cost object is the overall cost of something, for example, a promotion.
  • Secondary cost objects are the parts that make up the primary cost object, like materials, advertising, labor.
  • The costs of secondary objects combine to determine the total cost of the primary object.
  • Cost drivers are factors that cause a cost object's costs to change.
  • Cost drivers have a cause-and-effect relationship with cost objects.
  • Managers need reliable cost estimates to price products, evaluate performance, control operations, and prepare financial statements.
  • Accountants use cost accumulation to determine the cost of a particular object.
  • Cost objects are the things managers want to know the cost of.

Determining the Cost of Cost Objects

  • Example: A promotion offering free caps to children attending a ball game.
  • The cost components are: cost of caps, advertising, and employee labor.

Cost of Primary Cost Object

  • Cost object, cost per unit X cost driver = total cost of object.
  • Example calculation for cost of cap promotion
  • 10,000forcostofcaps+10,000 for cost of caps + 10,000forcostofcaps+5,000 advertising + 800costoflabor=800 cost of labor = 800costoflabor=15,800 total cost.

Estimated Versus Actual Cost

  • Managers use estimated costs for making decisions about the future.
  • Estimated costs are used for setting prices, bidding on contracts, evaluating proposals, distributing resources, plan production, and set goals.
  • Actual costs are used in published financial reports and managerial performance evaluations.

Assignment of Costs to Objects in a Retail Business

  • In Style, Inc. has retail clothing departments.
  • In Style, Inc. pays department managers bonuses based on departmental sales.
  • This bonus system had negative consequences, impacting future bonuses based on profitability.
  • Income statement shows sales revenue, cost of goods sold, gross margin, departmental and store manager’s salaries, depreciation, rental fees, utilities, advertising, supplies, and net income.

Identifying Direct and Indirect Costs

  • Costs can be assigned to a cost object by being either direct or indirect.
  • Direct costs are easily traced to a cost object.
  • Indirect costs are not easily traced to a cost object.
  • Whether a cost is direct or indirect depends on the cost object.
  • Indirect costs are also called overhead costs.
  • Costs are tracked on an income statement, classifying them as Direct or Indirect, and listing the values for each category.
  • Costs are tracked for Women’s, Men’s, and Children’s departments individually as an example

Cost Allocation Process

  • Cost allocation involves dividing costs and assigning to cost objects.
  • First, identify a cost driver for each cost to be allocated.
  • An example is store size driver for rent cost.
  • Achieve a rational allocation of the rent cost using a two-step process

Cost Allocation Process - Two-Step Process

  • Compute the allocation rate (step 1) using the formula: Total costs to be allocated/Total Cost Driver.
  • Multiply the allocation rate by the weight of the cost driver to determine allocation per cost object (step 2). The cost driver is called the allocation base.

Cost Allocation - Template

  • Examples of calculating allocation rate and allocating costs for examples of rent and utilities.
  • Different costs can be allocated based on different factors, like rent or utilities.

Determining the Cost to be Allocated using Cost Pools

  • Instead of tracking every single indirect cost, group multiple costs into a single cost pool.
  • Examples include costs for gas, water, electricity, and telephone which are grouped into a single utilities cost pool for easier tracking.

Selecting the Cost Driver

  • Companies can identify more than one cost driver for a particular indirect cost.
  • Examples: ISI's cost of shopping bags can be linked to either the number of sales transactions or the total amount of sales.
  • Choose the cost driver with the strongest cause-and-effect relationship.

Selecting the Best Cost Driver

  • Since every transaction uses a shopping bag, the department with higher transaction volume should pay a higher portion of the related cost.
  • The information available will affect the cost driver decisions.

Cost Allocation - Template Calculation Examples

  • Examples calculating allocation rates and allocating for costs such as supplies and advertising.
  • Different cost allocation methods (e.g., number of sales, number of employees).

Cause-and-Effect Relationship

  • There is no strong cause-and-effect relationship between the store manager's salary and specific departments.
  • Store managers’ salaries are paid regardless of sales level or any identifiable variable.

Cost Allocation - Template for Store Manager's Salary Allocation

  • Example of allocating a store (or supervisor) manager's salary using cost allocation
  • Total cost to be allocated is divided by the total cost driver

Behavioral Implications

  • Cost allocation methods can change managerial behavior.
  • For example, department heads may react to changes in allocation processes and methods.

Profit Analysis by Department

  • Departments income statements, including sales, cost of goods sold, sales commissions, department manager's salaries, depreciation, store manager's salary, rental fees, utilities, advertising, and supplies.

Cost Drivers for Variable Overhead Costs

  • Volume measures are good cost drivers for allocating variable overhead costs.
  • Examples of volume measures are units produced, labor hours, and materials used.

Using Units as the Cost Driver

  • If a cost is driven by volume, unit produced can be a valid cost driver.
  • Example: Filmier Furniture produced 4,000 chairs and 1,000 desks, and incurred $60,000 indirect material costs, distributed this cost accordingly and used unit produced in the calculation

Using Labor Hours as the Cost Driver

  • Direct labor hours and direct materials cost indicate the use of more indirect materials for desks than chairs.
  • Direct labor used is likely related to the amount of indirect materials used.

Using Direct Labor Hours as the Cost Driver

  • Allocation rate calculated using total costs to be allocated / total cost driver (example provided).
  • Examples of allocating costs based on direct labor hours for chairs and desks..

Using Direct Materials Dollars as the Cost Driver

  • If labor hours are not a suitable cost driver, direct materials usage (measured in dollars) can be used as an alternative.
  • It's plausible to assume that the more a company uses direct materials such as lumber, the more its need for indirect materials like nails and glue, which would be appropriate to calculate the allocation of these costs.

Selecting the Best Cost Driver

  • Deciding which volume-based cost driver (units, labor hours, or direct material dollars) leads to the most accurate allocation of overhead costs requires judgment
  • Volume driver like units produced, direct labor hours, or material usage may be the appropriate measure for calculating allocation.

Cost Drivers for Fixed Overhead Costs

  • The volume of production does not influence fixed costs.
  • The cost driver for allocating fixed costs to products is to distribute a rational share of overhead across products.

Allocating Fixed Overhead Costs

  • Example: Lednicky Bottling Company rents its facility for $28,000 per year, produced 2 million bottles, and sold 1.8 million bottles.
  • Allocation rate for rental cost calculated by dividing the total cost by the total cost driver, which is 2 million bottles.
  • Allocation calculated for ending inventory and cost of goods sold using the step 2 allocation rate and the cost driver.

Allocating Fixed Costs When the Volume of Production Varies

  • Monthly fluctuations in production volume complicate fixed cost allocations.
  • Allocation rates change from month to month.

Predetermined Overhead Rate

  • Calculating an allocation rate before the actual cost and volume data is available and using it to allocate the overhead costs.

Cost Allocation: The Human Factor

  • Cost allocation significantly impacts individuals' performance evaluations, compensation, and resource allocation.
  • Control over organizational resources provides prestige and influence.

Using Cost Allocations in a Budgeting Decision

  • Dean Southport faces challenges allocating copying resources across different departments.
  • Department protests against the existing method and requests for a fairer method that accounts for a department's specific usage.
  • A method based on number of faculty is challenged and a new allocation method based on number of students is proposed and illustrated for the given scenario

Using Cost Drivers to Make Allocations

  • Steps in allocating costs by defining the cost driver and rate.
  • Step 1: Identify the total cost to be allocated, and identify a cost driver and calculate the cost for allocation.
  • Step 2: Multiply the allocation rate by the appropriate cost driver

The Human Factor

  • Dr. Smethers questioned the validity of using the number of faculty members as a cost driver, proposing student numbers as a more effective measure instead.

Allocating By Number of Students

  • The number of students is used as a cost driver to allocate copying costs more accurately based on student enrollment in different departments. Examples are shown of allocation process, illustrating the allocation based on the new method that uses the number of students.

Selecting the Best Cost Driver and Controlling Emotions

  • Choosing cost drivers based on a combination of technical expertise, persuasive skills, and emotional intelligence is essential.
  • Consider multiple cost drivers when determining the most accurate approach.

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