Cosmopolitanism and Internationalism in Europe
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Questions and Answers

Saint-Pierre conceptualizes a European community in terms of a political and strategic alliance.

True (A)

Saint-Pierre supports the idea of a universal European monarchy.

False (B)

The concept of cosmopolitanism was widely accepted and conceptualized as an ideal in the early 18th century.

False (B)

Montesquieu shared similar views with Saint-Pierre regarding European political structures.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Republic of Letters included all educated Europeans, regardless of social standing.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cosmopolitan practices were embraced by European diplomatic and literary elites during the Age of Enlightenment.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Saint-Pierre's notion of a European republic promotes exclusive ideologies over peace and trade.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Club de l’Entresol was dissolved around 1733 yet its influence persisted among elite networks.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The analysis of cosmopolitanism began in the eighteenth century and focuses solely on contemporary meanings.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Concepts are often defined simply, unlike mere words.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Past definitions of international terms have had a lasting impact on current political debates.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The book focuses primarily on the chronological history of international relations and institutions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Systematic analysis of historical language use in international discourse has been a common approach in previous research.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The meanings of terms such as 'cosmopolitan' and 'universal' have remained constant throughout history.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The book aims to define what 'European' meant in history through rigid classifications.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Conceptual history is concerned with articulating diverse past understandings of political phenomena beyond nation states.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first wave of feminism was inspired by the internationalism of the late nineteenth century.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The League of Nations was established after the dissolution of empires following the First World War.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Expectations of a stable world economy were bolstered by the economic crash in 1929.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The interaction between nationalism and internationalism was not influenced by the interests of nation states.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The second wave of internationalism was significantly delayed by the rise of National Socialist Germany.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The French Revolution is deemed to have a distinct 'cosmopolitan' phase until 1792 followed by a turn towards nationalism.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The usage of the term 'international' in parliaments peaked around 1990.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The analysis of the French Revolution focuses solely on France without considering external influences.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nationalism and internationalism were in direct opposition during the late twentieth century.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The literature on the French Revolution does not address the impact of emigration and colonial upheaval.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The National Convention refers specifically to the period of 1795 and beyond in the context of the French Revolution.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The economic depression following the First World War was a contributing factor to the rise of nationalism in the 1930s.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Sister Republic' mentioned in the text refers to the Batavian Republic.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Franco-German relations post-1800 did not involve any transformative concepts related to warfare and national consciousness.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Archives parlementaires pertain to the debates during the Legislative Assemblies from 1791 to 1792.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The digital resources mentioned include collections from the House of Commons Parliamentary Papers.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The book 'Fraternité universelle et intérêt national' was published in 1713.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of cosmopolitanism has historical roots tracing back to the 18th century.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Weltbürger' is a term associated with the idea of global citizenship.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

D. Edelstein's book primarily discusses the arts and literature of the Enlightenment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The work of Rousseau contributed to discussions on perpetual peace.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The publication 'La guerre et la paix perpétuelle' was written by a collective of authors in 2012.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The relationship between cosmopolitanism and diplomacy was explored during the time of Louis XIV.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Vänskap och makt' discusses the relationship between friendship and power in 20th-century Finland.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

French revolutionaries believed that their republic was meant to serve as a model for all of humanity.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'cosmopolite' maintained a consistently positive meaning throughout the Revolutionary period.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Enlightenment played a significant role in the development of universalist ideals during the French Revolution.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cosmopolitan ideas were solely focused on foreign trade without any affiliation to political concepts.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

France's historical tradition viewed it as the primary heir to the Roman Empire.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The exportation of revolutionary principles by France was seen as a limited endeavor, mainly affecting its neighboring provinces.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fall of the monarchy during the Revolution had no impact on the usage of cosmopolite.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Bavarian State Library provided collections that were crucial for understanding the German states' perspective during the Revolution.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

First Wave Feminism

An early feminist movement that sought greater rights for women.

International Organizations

Groups that work across national borders, often reinforcing national roles.

Rise of Nationalism (1930s)

Increased loyalty and devotion to one's nation, impacting international efforts.

League of Nations

An international organization formed after WWI to promote peace.

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Second Wave Internationalism

Internationalism that appeared in response to the events of the interwar period.

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Global Depression (1929)

A worldwide economic downturn that broke international expectations for collaboration and peace.

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Superpower Rivalry (Post WWII)

New form of competition and conflict between dominant countries.

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Decolonization

The process of colonies gaining independence from colonial powers.

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Conceptual History of Cosmopolitanism

Study of how ideas about 'cosmopolitan,' 'international,' 'European,' and other related concepts have changed over time, drawing on historical sources.

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International Concepts

Concepts, such as 'cosmopolitan,' 'international,' and 'universal,' with contested and multifaceted meanings across different historical contexts.

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Historical Trajectories of Concepts

How ideas regarding concepts beyond the nation-state have evolved and changed over time.

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Politicized Use of Concepts

How historical actors used concepts like 'international' to advance their political agendas.

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Conceptual Analysis

Detailed study of ideas and meanings, not just events or agents.

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Everyday Political Debates

Common dialogues and discussions about international matters across varying contexts.

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Complex Meanings of International

International concepts are not easily defined; a great variety of meanings exist, arising in many areas, and across different historical contexts.

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Historical Sources

Using texts and public discussions from past periods to understand international concepts.

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Cosmopolitanism in the 18th century

A concept that encompassed a sense of community and shared culture amongst educated Europeans of a specific social class.

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Saint-Pierre's vision of Europe

A political and strategic alliance among European nations, that shared a common fatherland and a republic of peace for their mutual benefit.

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European community of interest

A potential political superstructure based on shared economic and political interests among European nations.

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Republic of Letters

An informal network of intellectuals who shared ideas, engaged in discussions, and formed a sort of intellectual community.

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Cosmopolitan practices (18th century)

Widely accepted ways of living and behaving connected with international relations among educated and social elites.

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Cosmopolitanism as a political ideal

The understanding of cosmopolitanism as a concept with political implications, developed in the context of 18th century.

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Universalist but Eurocentric ideal

A concept of a united Europe, that prioritizes Europe and its connection to peace and commerce, but with a limited global view.

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Club de l'Entresol

A French intellectual society that influenced the networks of sociability and correspondence during the Age of Enlightenment.

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Cosmopolitan Vision

A belief system that emphasizes shared humanity and universal values across borders, often contrasted with national interests.

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Enlightenment

A historical European movement, emphasizing reason and individualism as the primary sources of authority and legitimacy.

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International Relations

Interactions among countries, including diplomacy, conflict, trade, and collaboration.

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Diplomacy

The art and practice of conducting negotiations between nations.

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Cosmopolitanism

A philosophical concept about embracing global citizenship with an outlook transcending national borders.

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Universal Values

Moral principles or ideals believed to be applicable to all people, regardless of cultural or national background.

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National Interest

Priorities and goals that are specific and unique to a particular country.

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Peace

Absence of war and hostility; harmony in relations between countries.

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French Universalism

The belief that French revolutionary principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity should apply universally to all people.

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Culte Cosmopolite

A radical form of cosmopolitanism promoting universal republican values and ideals.

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Ambivalence of Cosmopolitanism

The concept of cosmopolitanism carries both liberating and excluding aspects, especially during times of war.

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Cosmopolitanism's Transformation

During the French Revolution, the meaning of cosmopolitanism shifted from neutral to radical, eventually becoming associated with 'foreigners' and subversion.

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Uprooted Individuals

People who lacked strong ties to family, society, or their native land, often viewed with suspicion during the French Revolution.

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Revolution's Impact on Cosmopolitanism

The French Revolution, initially supporting cosmopolitan ideals, led to a shift in its meaning as the focus turned inwards and suspicion of foreigners grew.

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Exportation of Revolution

The French revolutionaries sought to spread their ideals beyond France, believing their model of republicanism was universal.

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Cosmopolitan Phase

An early period in the French Revolution (until 1792) characterized by a focus on universal principles, shared humanity, and global interconnectedness.

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Radicalization and Nationalism

A shift in the French Revolution after 1792, marked by a greater emphasis on national identity and a strong sense of French exceptionalism.

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Transnational Revolution

The French Revolution's impact extended beyond France, influencing political movements, wars, and social changes in other countries.

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Universalism in Revolution

The belief that the principles of the French Revolution, such as liberty, equality, and fraternity, applied to all people regardless of nationality.

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Law of Nations

A system of rules and principles governing interactions between states, debated in Britain during the French Revolution.

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Sister Republics

States that aligned themselves with France during the Revolution, adopting similar ideals and forms of government.

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Impact on National Consciousness

The French Revolution and its aftermath contributed to the development of national identities in Europe, particularly in Germany.

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Source Corpora

Extensive collections of historical documents, such as debates from the French revolutionary assemblies, used to analyze the transformation of concepts like 'cosmopolitanism', 'universalism', and 'humanity'.

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Study Notes

Conceptual History of Cosmopolitanism, Internationalism, and Europe

  • Aim: Analyze long-term discursive and conceptual constructions of cosmopolitanism, internationalism, Europe, and related concepts in European history since the 18th century.
  • Focus: Variety of meanings of "international" and related concepts in diverse contexts. Concepts are complex, integrating meanings from different periods and fields, unlike simple words.
  • Historical Contexts & Recycling: Present-day public discourse on international activities recycles historical connotations, both positive and negative.
  • Method: Analyze historical trajectories of concepts beyond nation-states, their use in politicized arguments, and resulting meanings. Use of prominent texts and everyday political debates to reconstruct understandings of political, cultural, and economic phenomena beyond nation-states.
  • Book Focus: Not on the history of international relations' agents, events, or institutions, nor on scholarly debates, but on everyday discourses.
  • Approach: Analyze how past actors (politicians, intellectuals, etc.) talked about "international" and related terms, rather than defining them.
  • Distinguishing Feature: Conceptual history avoids relying on existing studies of international practices; instead, it emphasizes a systematic analysis of historical language use across a vast corpus of sources.

Waves of Internationalism

  • Influences on Conceptual History: Inspired by early feminism and various women's rights movements.
  • 19th Century: Rise of specialized international organizations strengthening nation-state roles.
  • 20th Century: Characterized by both internationalism and nationalism, total wars, and genocide.
  • Post-World War I: League of Nations created, new nations join the international stage. Initial optimism (revisionist socialists, some non-socialists) faltered with rising nationalism in the 1930s and the 1929 global economic crisis.
  • Post-World War II: Marked by superpower rivalry, decolonization, and many new nations. Internationalism often subordinated to nation-state interests.
  • Internationalism Developments: Analysis of language use (distant and close reading) reveals a renewed internationalism during the interwar period, followed by a delay due to World War II.
  • Evidence: British, Dutch, and Swedish parliamentary records show increasing use of "international" until the 1980s, with a significant rise since the 1960s (corroborated by Google Books Ngram Viewer in English, French, and German).

Cosmopolitanism and European Community

  • Early Cosmopolitanism Idea: 18th-century cosmopolitanism not generally conceptualized as an ideal. However, cosmopolitan practices were embraced by European elites.
  • Saint-Pierre's "Projet de paix perpétuelle": Suggests a European community in terms of political/strategic alliance, common fatherland, and republic of peace, with a universalist but Eurocentric ideal focused on peace and trade, with a focus on a limited community. This reflects liberal aristocracy's views on absolutism and an exclusive notion of cosmopolitanism.
  • Enlightenment Era: Cosmopolitanism emerged as a distinct political idea among elites, rooted in the Republic of Letters and its networks.

French Revolution and Cosmopolitanism

  • French Universalism: Rooted in France's perceived historical role, Enlightenment thought, and the Revolution's promise to recover rights for all. The mission became secular and targeted monarchies.
  • Export of Revolution: France aimed to be the model for "humanity," exporting its values and potentially seeking to expand its influence globally, possibly by force.
  • Ambivalences of Cosmopolitanism: The concept evolved from a more neutral to a more radical sense of "culte cosmopolite" aiming for republican universalism, but quickly became ambivalent through war and terror, implying both exclusion and liberation as a consequence.
  • "Cosmopolite" and "Foreigner": By 1793, "cosmopolite" was increasingly associated with foreigners and conspiracies against the French Republic

Source Materials

  • French Revolution Debates: Archives parlementaires, digitized for 1789-1794.

  • British and Dutch Discourses: Digitized legislative records and databases.

  • German Sources: Digitized Bavarian newspapers and journals.

  • Note: This summary only covers the key themes and concepts; it does not include details about specific figures, events, or theories discussed in the text.

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Description

Explore the historical constructions of cosmopolitanism, internationalism, and Europe from the 18th century onwards. This quiz analyzes the variety of meanings associated with 'international' and how these concepts have evolved and been recycled in contemporary discourse. Engage with key texts and debates that illuminate the complexities of these political, cultural, and economic ideas.

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