Cosmetic Formulations: Covering Agents
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Questions and Answers

What should materials in crystal form not contain to ensure safety?

  • Low solubility
  • Sharp edges (correct)
  • Chemical stability
  • Skin irritation

Which material is considered the best covering agent used in face powders?

  • Titanium dioxide (correct)
  • Kaolin
  • Rice starch
  • Zinc oxide

What can improve the covering power of powder on the skin?

  • Increased humidity
  • Coarse particles
  • Fine particle dispersion (correct)
  • Moist skin

What kind of property does zinc oxide have that makes it a good covering agent?

<p>Sunscreen property (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which material is not classified as a covering material?

<p>Aluminum hydrosilicate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do dry powders have compared to moist powders regarding covering power?

<p>Higher covering power (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of covering materials in cosmetic formulations?

<p>They cover blemishes effectively (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about zinc oxide in moist conditions?

<p>Its covering power is reduced (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of body powders?

<p>To absorb perspiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ingredient is NOT typically considered a binder in body powder formulations?

<p>Kaolin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of materials are zinc stearate and aluminium stearate categorized as?

<p>Slip character (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are antiseptic materials included in body powder formulations?

<p>To prevent the growth of microorganisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a vehicle in body powder formulations?

<p>Water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an adsorbent material used in body powders?

<p>Magnesium carbonate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property should body powders have to prevent irritation of the skin?

<p>Cooling effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does talc play in body powder formulations?

<p>To provide slip character (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of solid components in lipstick formulations?

<p>To solidify the liquid matrix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is classified as a hydrocarbon wax?

<p>White bees wax (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common use of white bees wax in lipstick formulations?

<p>As a stiffening agent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What melting point range is typically associated with white bees wax?

<p>62 - 65°C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one disadvantage of using white bees wax at concentrations above 20%?

<p>It forms a dull film on the lips (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of wax is known for its good plastic property and can be easily deformed when warmed?

<p>White bees wax (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ozokerite wax is derived from which type of natural product?

<p>Bituminous products (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following waxes is not typically used at high concentrations in formulations?

<p>Mineral wax (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the gelling agent in gel shampoo?

<p>To thicken the formulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ingredient is primarily responsible for cleansing in gel shampoos?

<p>Triethanolamine lauryl sulphate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary factor that led to the decrease in the use of powder shampoos?

<p>Difficulty in application (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method can be used to determine particle size of a powder product?

<p>Microscope (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes dry shampoo from regular powder shampoo?

<p>It does not require water for application. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of rubbing powder on a smooth surface to test its abrasive character?

<p>To observe the effect of powder using a microscope (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component included in the gel shampoo formulation?

<p>Sodium bicarbonate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much water is used in the gel shampoo formulation for a 100 g batch?

<p>49 g (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the formula for moisture content in a powder sample indicate?

<p>Weight of water in sample times 5 divided by weight of dry sample (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property is NOT ideal for nail lacquer?

<p>It should cause irritation to nails (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which surfactant is commonly found in powder shampoos?

<p>Sodium lauryl sulphate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nail polishes and nail lacquers differ primarily in their:

<p>Purpose and glossy finish (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do adsorbents play in dry shampoos?

<p>They absorb grease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key property of nail lacquer regarding its finish?

<p>It should provide sufficient adhesive property (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ensures the color distribution in nail lacquer is uniform?

<p>Finely divided pigments that are evenly ground (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of nail lacquers?

<p>To provide a decorative finish to nails (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH range at which shampoos containing amphoteric surfactants should be prepared?

<p>6.5 to 7.5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic property of dialkyl ethylene diamines as surfactants?

<p>They are soluble in water and compatible with surfactants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which types of surfactants do N-alkyl amino acids show compatibility with?

<p>Both anionic and cationic surfactants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the foaming property of N-alkyl amino acids as pH decreases?

<p>Foaming property significantly reduces. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following serves as a foam booster in shampoo formulations?

<p>Fatty acid alkanolamides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of amphoteric surfactants in formulations?

<p>To provide conditioning and anti-static properties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to amphoteric surfactants at neutral pH?

<p>They form zwitterions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are dialkyl ethylene diamines combined with anionic surfactants?

<p>To minimize irritation caused by the anionic surfactants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gel Shampoo

A transparent and thick shampoo made with a gelling agent like cellulose. Often used in hair salons and beauty parlors.

Detergent

The main ingredient in gel shampoo, responsible for cleaning the hair. Can be used alone or in combination with soap.

Methyl Cellulose

A substance added to a clear liquid shampoo to make it thicker, creating a gel shampoo.

Powder Shampoo

A dry shampoo that comes in powder form, initially made from dry soaps, but now uses synthetic detergents.

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Why powder shampoo is less popular?

Difficult to apply and may not be as effective due to the difficulty in mixing and applying the powder on the scalp.

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Dry Shampoo

A type of powder shampoo that doesn't use water. Primarily for cleaning greasy hair.

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Dry Shampoo's Mechanism

Applied on the hair and then brushed out. Contains adsorbents that absorb excess oil and dirt from the scalp.

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Adsorbents

Ingredients in dry shampoo that absorb excess oil and dirt, leaving the hair less greasy.

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Covering Materials

Ingredients that conceal skin imperfections like enlarged pores or blemishes.

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Adhesive Materials

Ingredients that help powder stick to the skin, providing a longer-lasting effect.

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Slip Materials

Ingredients that create a smooth, silky feel on the skin, preventing a chalky or powdery appearance.

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Absorbent Materials

Ingredients that absorb excess oil from the skin, controlling shine.

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Titanium Dioxide

A highly effective covering agent used in face powders, providing excellent coverage on both dry and oily skin.

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Zinc Oxide

A good covering agent with added sunscreen benefits, protecting the skin from UV rays.

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Particle Size

The size of the particles in powder ingredients affects their covering power, with smaller particles offering better coverage.

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Covering Power and Skin Type

The effectiveness of covering materials varies depending on skin moisture levels. Dry skin absorbs more powder, leading to better coverage.

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What are body powders primarily used for?

Body powders are mainly used to absorb perspiration (sweat) and help maintain skin dryness.

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What are the main components of a body powder?

Body powders typically contain covering materials, adhesives, absorbent materials, antiseptics, and perfumes.

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Metallic Compound in Body Powder

Metallic compounds like zinc stearate, aluminum stearate, magnesium carbonate, and calcium carbonate are used for their covering and absorbent properties.

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What is the function of antiseptics in body powder?

Antiseptics, like boric acid or chlorohexidine diacetate, are added to body powders to control microbial growth and reduce odor.

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What are adsorbent materials in body powder?

Adsorbent materials, like kaolin, magnesium carbonate, and starch, help absorb moisture and excess oil from the skin.

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What gives body powder a smooth, slippery feel?

Talc and zinc stearate provide a smooth, slippery feel to body powder, making it easy to apply and glide on the skin.

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What is the function of a binder in a body powder?

Binders like gum tragacanth, glycerol monostearate, mineral oil, and sorbitol help the ingredients adhere to the skin and create a smooth, lasting application.

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Why is water used in a body powder?

Water serves as a vehicle to dissolve the binder and other ingredients, making it easier to combine and apply.

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What are lipsticks made of?

Lipsticks are made up of solid components called waxes that give them their structure, and liquid components like oils and pigments that add color and texture.

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What is the function of waxes in lipstick?

Waxes in lipstick solidify the liquid components, giving the product its shape, hardness, and melting point. They also ensure that the lipstick can be easily removed from the mold.

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Hydrocarbon Wax

A type of wax, like white beeswax, derived from natural sources, that helps create the base of lipsticks.

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White Beeswax

A common hydrocarbon wax obtained from honeycombs, used in lipstick formulations to create a smooth and creamy texture.

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Mineral Wax

A type of wax, like Ozokerite, derived from natural mineral sources, less common in lipstick formulations today.

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Ozokerite Wax

A mineral wax with a melting point ranging from 56°C to 82°C, formerly used in lipstick formulations.

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Microcrystalline Wax

A type of refined wax, often replacing mineral waxes in lipstick formulations, providing a smooth and glossy finish.

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Hard Wax

Waxes like Carnauba wax and Candelilla wax that give the lipstick a firm, hard structure, and a glossy finish.

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Particle Size Determination

The process of measuring the size of individual particles in a powder. It involves using techniques like microscopy, sieve analysis, or specialized instruments.

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Abrasive Character

The ability of a powder to scratch or wear away a surface. It's determined by rubbing the powder on a smooth surface and observing any damage under a microscope.

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Moisture Content

The amount of water present in a powder sample. It's calculated by dividing the weight of water in the sample by the weight of the dry sample and multiplying by 100.

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Nail Lacquers

Viscous or semi-liquid preparations used for decorating fingernails and toenails. They are commonly known as nail paints.

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Ideal Nail Lacquer Properties

Desirable characteristics of nail lacquer, including safety, ease of application and removal, stability over time, uniform film formation, good wetting and flow, uniform color distribution, shine, and adhesive properties.

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Why uniform film formation is important for Nail Lacquer?

A uniform and satisfactory film on the nails ensures an even and aesthetically pleasing application, preventing streaking or uneven coverage.

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How is uniform color distribution achieved in Nail Lacquer?

Using finely divided pigments that are uniformly ground and evenly wetted by the solvent ensures the color is evenly distributed throughout the nail lacquer.

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What is the importance of adhesive property in Nail Lacquer?

A good adhesive property ensures the nail lacquer adheres uniformly to the nail without slipping or chipping, resulting in a long-lasting manicure.

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Zwitterion

A molecule that has both a positive and a negative charge, which can occur in amphoteric surfactants at neutral pH.

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Amphoteric Surfactant

A surfactant that can act as both an acid and a base, depending on the pH of the solution.

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Dialkyl Ethylene Diamines

A type of amphoteric surfactant that is soluble in water and compatible with other surfactants. Used as detergents and sometimes as emulsifiers.

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N-Alkyl Amino Acids

A class of amphoteric surfactants derived from amino acids and asparagine. They have good foaming properties and compatibility with both anionic and cationic surfactants.

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How does an N-Alkyl Amino Acid's behavior change with pH?

At pH 6, they become zwitterions (neutral charge). At neutral pH, they become amines (positively charged). Their solubility is highest as sodium salts and decreases in zwitterion form.

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What happens to the foaming property of N-Alkyl Amino Acids at low pH?

The foaming property decreases because they become cationic (positively charged).

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Foam Boosters

Substances that help stabilize and strengthen the foam produced by surfactants in shampoos.

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Why are amphoteric surfactants often used with anionic surfactants?

Amphoteric surfactants can help neutralize the irritation caused by anionic surfactants, which are often harsh on the eyes.

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Study Notes

Textbook of Cosmetic Formulations

  • This book details cosmetic formulations, including various types of cosmetics like lipsticks, shampoos, powders, nail lacquers, creams, toothpastes, and hair dyes
  • The book includes information on the contents and properties of each type of cosmetic.
  • The provided information highlights that cosmetics have a range of uses and functions, including cleansing, moisturizing, beautifying, UV protection, and treatment of skin imperfections and skin infections.
  • Cosmetic formulations involve a variety of ingredients with specific functions, including solid components (e.g., waxes), liquid components (e.g., oils), and colouring agents, as detailed in the text.
  • Examples of properties include colour intensity, storage stability, spreadability, and lack of greasiness or stickiness
  • There is information on how various cosmetic ingredients, including substances like waxes and oils, are used in formulations.
  • The book also covers the evaluation of cosmetic formulations' performance and the methods for evaluating cosmetic properties like melting point, breaking load, and stability against oxidation, to determine quality and effectiveness.

2. Lipsticks

  • Definition: A dispersion of colouring material in a base of oils, fats, and waxes, with perfumes and flavours molded into a stick form.
  • Ideal characteristics of a good lipstick: Efficient colour application, lasting colour, no alteration in shade and no greasiness.
  • The ideal lipstick should possess good thixotropic properties, allowing even colour deposition with minimal pressure, and should maintain its integrity throughout storage periods. It should not be gritty and should be easily dried
  • It should be safe and non-irritating to the lips.
  • The book also provides specific ingredients used in lipstick formulation, like waxes and oils. This is useful for understanding the composition.

5. Nail Lacquers

  • Definition: Viscous or semi-liquid preparations for nail decoration.
  • The focus is on the properties and characteristics desired in ideal nail lacquers: safety, ease of application, long-term storage stability, uniformity and smoothness of the film to be applied and should be non-brittle.

3. Shampoos

  • Definition: Viscous cosmetic preparation with synthetic detergents for cleansing hair.
  • Key properties include appropriate viscosity for ease of application, good lather production, effective waste removal (oil, debris, etc.) that rinses completely, maintaining hair lustre after drying, and non-irritating properties.

4. Powders

  • Definition: Important skin care products used by both men and women. Different types including body powder, face powder, compacts, medicated powders, and foot powders exist.
  • Characteristics: good covering power to hide blemishes, adhesion to avoid easily blowing off, long-term stay on the skin, matt or peach-like appearance for shine removal
  • Ingredients are categorized by their functions, including covering materials, adhesive/slip/absorbent materials, and ingredients that give a desirable finish and appearance.

6. Toothpastes

  • Definition: Dentifrices used for cleaning teeth.
  • General requirements include the ability to effectively remove food debris, plaque, and stains; leave a pleasant and refreshing feeling in the mouth; and be harmless and non-irritating.
  • The book discusses polishing agents (abrasives), which are crucial for cleaning and polishing teeth.
  • Other ingredients such as foaming agents, humectants, sweeteners, flavoring agents, preservatives and therapeutic agents are also discussed.

7. Hair Dyes

  • An introduction and definition of hair dyes and their composition and use in order to colour or change the natural hair colour and cover grey hair.
  • Different types: Temporary, semi-permanent, and permanent hair colourants.
  • Additional important details include properties such as the dye solution's compatibility with the formulation and the importance of various components and ingredients
  • The book emphasizes the importance of suitable ingredients in cosmetic formulations based on intended use and application.
  • The formulations are explained in detail, and evaluation methods to determine the quality and effectiveness are highlighted.
  • The information provided in the document is organized by product type (e.g. lipstick, shampoo, powders, nail lacquer etc).
  • Different formulations for each product category (e.g. creams, lotions) and their properties/qualities are discussed.
  • This document provides crucial information on several types of cosmetic products and how to formulate them.

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Textbook of Cosmetic Formulations PDF

Description

This quiz explores the materials and properties related to covering agents used in cosmetic formulations, particularly in body powders. Questions cover the safety of crystal forms, the role of zinc oxide, and the characteristics of various powdered ingredients. Assess your knowledge on the components that enhance covering power and their functions in cosmetics.

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