Corrosion and Energy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the Gross Calorific Value (GCV) of fuel in KJ/Kg?

  • 14710.5 KJ/Kg
  • 61,548.8 KJ/Kg (correct)
  • 14,287.86 KJ/Kg
  • 59,780.4 KJ/Kg

    • Which type of corrosion involves the deterioration caused by an electrochemical reaction?

  • Liquid Metal Corrosion
  • Electrochemical Corrosion (correct)
  • Dry Corrosion
  • Chemical Corrosion

    • In Dulong's formula, how is the available hydrogen calculated?

  • Total hydrogen plus 1/8 of the mass of oxygen
  • Total hydrogen times the mass of fixed hydrogen
  • Total hydrogen minus 1/8 of the mass of oxygen (correct)
  • Total hydrogen minus 1/8 of the mass of carbon

    • What is a result of oxidation corrosion on a metal surface?

    <p>Formation of oxide layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following gases can cause corrosion in metals?

    <p>Carbon Dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of reverse osmosis membranes?

    <p>To remove organic molecules, viruses, and most minerals from water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does reverse osmosis achieve the removal of dissolved solids from water?

    <p>By applying hydrostatic pressure on the concentrated side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What size are the pores in reverse osmosis membranes?

    <p>0.0001 micron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fuel is primarily associated with the process of combustion?

    <p>Combustible substances like coal and petroleum oils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general outcome of the combustion process?

    <p>It produces CO2, H2O, and releases heat energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pressure range is typically applied in reverse osmosis using seawater?

    <p>15-40 kg/cm2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon describes the movement of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe fuels that are primarily obtained from the fossilized remains of ancient organisms?

    <p>Fossil fuels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ions can zeolite exchange?

    <p>Na ions and other cations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage of the zeolite process?

    <p>Water with acidic pH cannot be used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate the High Calorific Value (HCV) of the fuel after combustion in a bomb calorimeter?

    <p>HCV = (W + w)(t1 - t2) / x</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the acidic functional groups in ion-exchange resins?

    <p>To exchange cations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the advantages of using the zeolite process?

    <p>No sludge formation occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many calories must be subtracted for every ml of 0.1 N H2SO4 formed during the combustion?

    <p>3.6 calories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reaction represents the regeneration of zeolite?

    <p>CaZe + NaCl → Na2Ze + CaCl2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of the cooling correction if the time taken to cool down is 5 minutes and the rate of cooling is 0.2 dt/min?

    <p>2.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To convert 1000 kcal/kg to kJ/kg, what is the equivalent value?

    <p>4184 kJ/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which materials can be used to make cation-exchange resins?

    <p>Styrene divinyl benzene copolymers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical residual hardness of water after using the zeolite process?

    <p>10 ppm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During combustion, which acid is formed from the oxidation of nitrogen in the fuel?

    <p>HNO3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When burning 0.72 grams of a fuel with 80% carbon, what is the calculated increase in calories for the calorimeter?

    <p>1000 cal/g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is incorrect regarding ion-exchange resins?

    <p>They can only exchange cations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component's analysis informs the amount of H2SO4 and HNO3 formed in a bomb calorimeter?

    <p>Calorimeter washings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding the corrections needed in bomb calorimetry is true?

    <p>Acid correction is important for accurate heat measurement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the Gross Calorific Value (GCV) of fuel?

    <p>(W + w)(t1 - t2) x specific heat of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the water equivalent of a calorimeter is 2200g, what adjustment must be made in the GCV calculation if the temperature rise is 2.42°C?

    <p>Multiply the water equivalent by the temperature rise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To calculate the Net Calorific Value (NCV), which components are necessary?

    <p>GCV and the latent heat of steam.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT necessary for calculating the GCV in a bomb calorimeter?

    <p>Percentage of oxygen in coal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the latent heat of condensation of steam used in the calculations?

    <p>587 cal/g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a coal sample contains 6% hydrogen, how much latent heat is accounted for in the NCV calculation?

    <p>37 cal/g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a coal sample with 90% carbon, 8% hydrogen, and 1% ash, what must be true about the percentage of hydrogen for calorific value calculations?

    <p>It determines how much energy is lost due to the formation of steam.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the acid correction is 50 cal and the fuse wire correction is 10 cal, what is the total amount to be subtracted from GCV calculations?

    <p>60 cal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of sacrificial anodes in corrosion protection?

    <p>To protect the metallic structure by getting corroded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following metals is not commonly used as a sacrificial anode?

    <p>Copper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a larger anode have in a galvanization process?

    <p>Slows down the corrosion rate of the cathode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In impressed current cathodic protection, what is the role of the metallic structure being protected?

    <p>It functions as a cathode receiving impressed current</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of current is applied in impressed current cathodic protection?

    <p>Impressed direct current</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these applications would most likely use sacrificial anodes?

    <p>Corrosion control for underground pipelines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What material is often used as an insoluble anode in impressed current cathodic protection systems?

    <p>Graphite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential downside of having a huge cathode and a tiny anode in a galvanization process?

    <p>It results in heightened corrosion rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Water Purification Methods - Industrial Applications

    • Zeolites (principle, process, advantages, disadvantages)
    • Ion-exchange resins (double/mixed bed) (principle, process, advantages, disadvantages)
    • Reverse osmosis (principle, process, advantages, disadvantages)
    • Fuels and combustion
      • LCV, HCV, Bomb calorimeter (numerical)
    • Corrosion
      • Prevention of Corrosion, cathodic protection (Sacrificial anodic protection and Impressed current cathodic protection)

    Water Softening Methods

    • Zeolite (Permutit process)
    • Ion-exchange
    • Mixed bed ion-exchange
    • Reverse Osmosis

    Permutit or Zeolite Process

    • Zeolite is a hydrated sodium aluminum silicate (Na2OAl2O3.xSiO2.yH2O)
    • Exchanges Na+ ions for Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions
    • Common zeolite is Na2OAl2O3.3SiO2.2H2O (natrolith)
    • Other materials used for water softening include glauconite, green sand (iron potassium phyllosilicate)
    • Artificial zeolite (Permutit) has a higher softening capacity than green sand
    • Prepared by heating china clay (hydrated aluminum silicate), feldspar (e.g., KAISI3O8, NaAlSi3O8, CaAl2Si2O8) and soda ash (Na2CO3)

    Natural Zeolites

    • Natrolite (Na2O.Al2O3.4SiO2.2H2O)
    • Laumontite (CaO.Al2O3.4SiO2.4H2O)
    • Harmotome [(BaO.K2O).Al2O3.5SiO2.5H2O]
    • Capable of exchanging Na+ ions

    Permutit or Zeolite Process - Softening Method

    • Na2Ze + Ca(HCO3)2 → 2 NaHCO3 + CaZe
    • Na2Ze + Mg(HCO3)2 → 2 NaHCO3 + MgZe
    • Na2Ze + CaSO4 → 2 Na2SO4 + CaZe
    • Na2Ze + CaCl2 → 2 NaCl + CaZe

    Permutit or Zeolite Process - Regeneration

    • CaZe (or) MgZe + 2 NaCl → Na2Ze + CaCl2 or MgCl2 + Brine solution

    Zeolite Process - Advantages

    • Residual hardness of water is about 10 ppm only
    • Equipment is small and easy to handle
    • Time required for softening of water is small
    • No sludge formation, clean process
    • Zeolite can be regenerated easily using brine solution
    • Any type of hardness can be removed without modifications

    Zeolite Process - Disadvantages

    • Coloured water or water containing impurities cannot be used without filtration
    • Water containing acidic pH cannot be used due to acid destroying zeolite

    Ion-Exchange Process

    • Resins are cross-linked long chain polymers with microporous structure
    • Functional groups are responsible for ion exchange properties
    • Acidic functional groups (-COOH, -SO3H) exchange H+ for cations
    • Basic functional groups (-NH2, =NH) exchange OH- for anions
    • Cation-exchange resins (RH+): styrene divinylbenzene copolymers
    • Anion-exchange resins (R'OH): styrene divinylbenzene copolymers or amine formaldehyde copolymers with NH2, QN+, QP+, QS+, groups

    Ion-Exchange Process - The Process of Ion-exchange

    • 2 RH+ + Ca2+/Mg2+ → R2Ca2+/R2Mg2+ + 2 H+
    • R'OH + Cl- → R' + Cl- + OH-
    • 2 R'OH- + SO42- → R'2 SO42- + 2 OH-
    • 2 R'OH- + CO32- → R'2 CO32- + 2 OH-

    Ion-Exchange Process - Regeneration

    • Saturated resins are regenerated
    • R2Ca2+/R2Mg2+ + 2H+ → 2RH+ + Ca2+/Mg2+
    • R'2 SO42- + 2 OH- → 2 R'OH- + SO42-

    Mixed Bed Deionizer

    • Single cylindrical chamber with anion and cation exchange resins
    • Hard water is passed through the bed, removing cations and anions
    • Effectively passes hard water through a series of resins
    • Soft water contains less than 1 ppm of dissolved salts, suitable for boilers

    Regeneration of Mixed Bed Deionizer

    • Mixed bed is backwashed (upward water flow)
    • Light-weight anion exchanger rises to top
    • Anion exchanger is regenerated with NaOH solution and rinsed
    • Lower cation exchanger is washed with dilute H2SO4 and rinsed
    • Beds are remixed with compressed air

    Mixed Bed Deionizer - Advantages/Disadvantages

    • Advantages: Suitable for highly acidic/alkaline water, low residual hardness (2 ppm)
    • Disadvantages: Expensive equipment/chemicals, turbidity needs treatment, skilled labor needed

    Reverse Osmosis

    • Reverse osmosis membrane filters have very small pore size (0.0001 micron)
    • Removes organic molecules, viruses, most minerals
    • Removes monovalent ions, leading to desalinated water
    • Osmosis is the movement of solvent across a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated one

    Fuels and Combustion

    • Fuel is a combustible material producing a large amount of heat for both domestic and industrial purposes
    • Combustion involves oxidation of elements in the fuel (carbon, hydrogen, etc.) forming CO2, H2O, releasing heat
    • Primary fuels include coal and petroleum oils, considered fossil fuels

    Classification of Fuels

    • Primary or natural fuels: solid (wood, coal, dung), liquid (crude oil), gaseous (natural gas)
    • Secondary or derived fuels: solid (coke, charcoal, coal briquettes), liquid (tar, kerosene, diesel, petrol, fuel oil, LPG), gaseous (coal gas, water gas, oil gas, biogas, coke oven gas, blast furnace gas)

    Calorific Value of Fuels

    • Calorific value: the amount of heat released when a unit mass or volume of fuel burns completely
    • Important property of fuels
    • Measured in kJ/kg
    • Different fuels have different values

    Calorific Value of Common Fuels

    • Give examples of fuels and their calorific values

    Characteristics of a Good Fuel

    • High calorific value
    • Moderate ignition temperature
    • Low moisture content
    • Low non-combustible matter content
    • Moderate combustion velocity
    • Non-harmful combustion products
    • Inexpensive
    • Easy to transport
    • Easy to control combustion
    • Low storage costs
    • Uniform size (solid fuels)

    Comparison of Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous Fuels

    • Advantages/Disadvantages for each fuel type
    • Summarize each fuel's properties (transport, storage costs, combustion, etc.)

    Corrosion

    • Any process of deterioration of a solid metallic material by chemical or electrochemical attack from the environment
    • Types of corrosion: Dry/chemical corrosion vs Electrochemical corrosion. Subtypes of corrosion are listed for each type.
    • Factors affecting corrosion: Nature of the metal, position in galvanic series, overvoltage, purity of metal, relative areas of anode and cathode, nature of surface film, the passive character of the metal, and solubility of corrosion products.
    • Environment factors: Temperature, humidity, presence of impurities, suspended particles, pH, silicates, conductance, formation of O2 concentration cell, flow velocity.
    • Forms of corrosion include uniform corrosion, galvanic corrosion, concentration cell corrosion, pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, filiform corrosion, intergranular corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, corrosion fatigue, fretting corrosion, erosion corrosion.

    Cathodic Protection

    • Principle: protecting the main metal as cathode by connecting to a highly active metal such as Zn, Mg, etc
    • Methods:
      • Sacrificial anodic protection
      • Impressed current cathodic protection

    Sacrificial Anodic Protection

    • Anodic metal sacrifices itself (corrosion) while protecting the main metal from corrosion
    • Anodic metals: Zn, Mg, Al and alloys
    • Used for underground pipelines, ship hulls, and marine devices

    Impressed Current Cathodic Protection

    • Directs a current through the main metal, making it the cathode
    • Uses an insoluble anode (e.g., graphite) immersed in a conductive solution (e.g., coke, gypsum, bentonite, sodium sulphate)
    • Protects underground pipelines, oil pipelines, transmission lines, ships, etc

    Additional Information

    • Include tables of galvanic series and electrode reactions
    • Diagrams for sacrificial anodic and impressed current cathodic protection methods

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    FALLSEM2024-25_BCHY101L_TH_VL2024250106791_2024-09-12_Reference-Material-I (2).pdf

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the concepts of corrosion and energy values of fuels. This quiz covers topics such as Gross Calorific Value, types of corrosion, and Dulong's formula. Challenge yourself to understand the effects of oxidation and the role of gases in metal corrosion.

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