Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of a correctional system?
To provide a deterrence to crime
What does the term 'penology' refer to?
The study of punishment of crime or of criminal offenders
What does 'penal management' involve?
Managing or controlling places of confinement, such as jails or prisons
Which century is known for the concept of Securing Sanctuary?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the practice of exiling criminals primarily used for in the 16th century?
Signup and view all the answers
What are hulks as referred to in the 18th and 19th century?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the Classical Theory of penology suggest?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary concept of the Panopticon system?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the Positivist Italian School of thought assert about criminals?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the Code of Hammurabi known for?
Signup and view all the answers
Which is considered the oldest surviving law code?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Correctional System
- Focuses on deterring crime.
- Penal science is the study of punishment and criminal offenders
- Penal management controls places of confinement, such as prisons and jails.
- Corrections are a branch of the criminal justice system that oversees the custody, supervision, and rehabilitation of offenders.
- Positivism influences corrections, assuming criminal behavior possesses distinct characteristics.
- Correctional administration deals with the management of prisons and other institutions involving the custody, treatment, and rehabilitation of criminals.
Historical Overview
-
Securing Sanctuary (13th Century)
- Criminals sought refuge in churches, avoiding punishment for 40 days.
- After 40 days, criminals had to leave the sanctuary by a designated path.
-
Exiling Criminals (16th Century)
- Transportation or exile of criminals was authorized in England.
- Russia and other European countries adopted this system to reduce prison overcrowding.
-
Transportation to Australia (1788 – 1868)
- Approximately 165,000 convicts were transported to Australia.
- Sentences ranged from 7 to 14 years.
- Transportation became expensive, leading to the search for cheaper solutions to criminal problems.
Early Places of Confinement
- Galleys: Long, low, narrow ships propelled by sails and criminals rowing.
- Hulks: Derelict warships converted into prisons in the 18th and 19th centuries. They were known as “floating hells.”
Primary Schools of Thought in Penology
- Schools of Thought: A collection of ideas or opinions shared by a group about a particular topic.
Classical Theory (18th Century)
- Focused on harsh punishments for criminals, including death penalty for minor offenses like stealing rice.
- Assumed that people make choices to commit crimes based on a calculation of pleasure and pain.
- Emphasized the importance of preventing future crimes through punishment.
Panopticon System (Bentham and Beccaria)
- A surveillance system with a central observation tower overlooking a circular arrangement of prison cells.
- Guards could see into every cell, but inmates couldn't see the tower, fostering uncertainty about whether they are being watched.
Neo-Classical School
- Focused on the idea that criminal behavior is dynamic and determined by individual circumstances.
- Believed stricter child-rearing practices, enhanced punishments, or increased surveillance could deter crime.
- Recognized that individuals may commit crimes due to specific reasons.
Positivist Italian School
- Viewed crime as a natural phenomenon, and criminals as sick individuals in need of treatment.
- Asserted that criminals are born as such, emphasizing biological factors over environmental influences.
Early Codes of Punishment
-
Code of Hammurabi (Babylonia, circa 2123-2031 B.C.)
- A comprehensive legal code with a mix of enlightened laws and barbarous punishments.
- Included trial by ordeal.
- One of the oldest surviving codes of law.
-
Code of Ur-Nammu (Sumeria, 3rd Millennium B.C.)
- An ancient law code written on clay tablets in the Sumerian language.
- Considered the oldest surviving law code.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the key concepts surrounding the correctional system, including its focus on deterrence and rehabilitation. Delve into the historical practices of securing sanctuary and exiling criminals. This quiz will enhance your understanding of penal science and corrections in the criminal justice system.
