chapter 3 sustainability
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Questions and Answers

What decade is identified as the beginning of the modern era of social responsibility?

  • 1970s
  • 1960s
  • 1940s
  • 1950s (correct)
  • According to Frederick in 1960, what aspect should businessmen focus on regarding social responsibility?

  • Maximizing shareholder profits
  • Meeting public expectations (correct)
  • Supporting government policies
  • Ensuring the economic performance of their firms
  • In the 1970s, what principle does CSR highlight according to Davis?

  • Ethics are secondary to economic interests
  • CSR begins where the law ends (correct)
  • Firms are only responsible for legal compliance
  • Business practices must be profitable above all
  • What did Carroll contribute to the field of CSR in 1977?

    <p>Corporate social performance and corporate social responsibility are related concepts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT included in the definitions of social responsibility provided in the content?

    <p>Environmental sustainability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized CSR literature in the 1980s?

    <p>Focus on research and alternative themes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the discussion on CSR, what is an essential requirement for being socially responsible?

    <p>Being compliant with laws (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implied about businessmen's decisions according to Davis and Blomstorm in 1966?

    <p>They must consider broader social implications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four parts of CSR as outlined by Carroll in 1983?

    <p>Economic, legal, ethical, and voluntary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Asian view of CSR define a company's commitment?

    <p>To operate sustainably while balancing diverse stakeholder interests (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to ISO, what is one of the responsibilities of an organization regarding social responsibility?

    <p>To consider the expectations of stakeholders (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the UN Global Compact?

    <p>To align business operations with ten principles in various areas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the objectives of the UN Global Compact?

    <p>Encourage governments to create more regulations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key characteristic of corporate social responsibility?

    <p>Transparent and ethical behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the approach of CSR according to the European Commission?

    <p>Integration of social and environmental concerns in business operations on a voluntary basis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of CSR is highlighted by the ISO definition?

    <p>The impact of corporate decisions on society and the environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key environmental requirements for accommodation establishments?

    <p>Preparation and response to environmental emergencies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which social requirement focuses on the financial well-being of individuals within local communities?

    <p>Work and income opportunities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important economic requirement related to guest experience at accommodation establishments?

    <p>Quality and guest satisfaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered an environmental concern in sustainability management?

    <p>Solid waste, effluents, and emissions management (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do CSR standards play in industries related to accommodation establishments?

    <p>Promoting ethical practices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of environmental management, why is energy efficiency important for accommodation establishments?

    <p>It minimizes operating costs and environmental impact (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of local communities is highlighted as a social requirement for accommodation establishments?

    <p>Health and education initiatives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following encompasses the management of hazardous substances in sustainability practices?

    <p>Identifying and safely handling hazardous materials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered hard disclosure in an organisation?

    <p>Measurable data about funding sources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ethical behaviour in an organisation?

    <p>Encouraging stakeholder influence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should an organisation promote ethical behaviour?

    <p>To improve stakeholder relationships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is expected from an organisation in terms of stakeholder respect?

    <p>To recognize and respect their interests and legal rights (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions supports transparency in an organisation?

    <p>Disclosing the purpose and nature of activities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does respect for the rule of law entail for an organisation?

    <p>Adhering to local laws unconditionally (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action can an organisation take to encourage ethical behaviour?

    <p>Providing training on ethical standards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should an organisation handle conflicts of interest?

    <p>By identifying and preventing them (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Stakeholder Relationship Management (SRM) theory?

    <p>Identifying and managing relationships with stakeholders. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a typical stakeholder?

    <p>Competitors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism can companies use to engage with stakeholders?

    <p>Advisory committees (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about CSR labels is accurate?

    <p>Labels must represent specific principles or results. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key requirement for a valid standard according to the content?

    <p>The presence of a penalization system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential disadvantage of codes or standards mentioned in the content?

    <p>Some organizations may not take them seriously due to lack of penalties. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)?

    <p>To promote economic and social sustainability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of codes developed by organizations?

    <p>They are specific to a company or organization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)?

    <p>To promote sustainable fishing practices and contribute to ocean health. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes EU Organic Farming?

    <p>A system ensuring best environmental practices and high animal welfare standards. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the EU Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) primarily focus on?

    <p>Improving environmental performance of organizations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does BREEAM contribute to sustainability in the built environment?

    <p>By assessing sustainability performance across various project phases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main themes of the GSTC hotel criteria?

    <p>Sustainability planning, community benefits, cultural heritage, and reducing environmental impacts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes ISO 21401?

    <p>A standard setting requirements for any sustainable accommodation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key result expected from implementing the GSTC standards in tourism?

    <p>Improvement in local community welfare and cultural heritage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which certification focuses on a whole-building approach to sustainability?

    <p>LEED. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Social Responsibilities of Businessmen

    The obligations of businesses to consider the needs and values of society beyond their immediate economic and technical interests.

    Social Responsibilities: 1960s

    An expansion of the definition of social responsibility, suggesting that businesses should be concerned with achieving societal expectations.

    Social Responsibilities: 1960s (McGuire)

    Corporations have obligations to society that go beyond legal and economic considerations.

    Social Responsibility: 1960s (Davis and Blomstorm)

    Businesses should consider the impact of their decisions and actions on various stakeholders, not just their own interests.

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    Social Responsibilities: 1970s (Davis)

    Social responsibility goes beyond simply complying with laws; it involves actively contributing to the well-being of society.

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    Social Responsibilities: 1970s (Carroll)

    This era introduced the concept of Corporate Social Performance (CSP) and further developed the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).

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    Corporate Social Responsibility: 1980s

    Businesses should strive to be economically profitable, law-abiding, ethical, and supportive of the community.

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    Corporate Social Responsibility: 1980s (Shift in Focus)

    This era saw a move away from purely defining CSR and towards research and alternative perspectives on the role of businesses in society.

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    Transparency in Business

    An organization should openly communicate its actions and decisions that affect society and the environment.

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    Ethical Behavior in Organizations

    An organization should actively promote ethical behavior by identifying its values, preventing conflicts of interest, and establishing mechanisms to report unethical behavior.

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    Respect for Stakeholders

    An organization should respect the interests and legal rights of its stakeholders, including responding to their concerns.

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    Respect for the Rule of Law

    An organization should recognize that respect for the law is crucial and should uphold its principles.

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    Hard Disclosure

    This refers to easily quantifiable aspects of disclosure.

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    Soft Disclosure

    This refers to aspects of disclosure that are challenging to quantify.

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    Transparency of Activities

    Businesses should provide clear information about the purpose, nature, and location of their activities.

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    Transparency in Decision Making

    An organization should explain how its decisions are made, implemented, and reviewed.

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    Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

    A framework for businesses that encompasses economic, legal, ethical, and voluntary actions. Defined in 1983 by Carroll, it focuses on integrating social and environmental responsibility into business operations.

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    European Commission's Definition of CSR

    The European Commission's definition of CSR emphasizes businesses voluntarily integrating social and environmental concerns into their operations and stakeholder interactions.

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    Asian View of CSR

    The Asian view of CSR emphasizes balancing economic, social, and environmental sustainability while considering the needs of various stakeholders.

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    ISO's Definition of Social Responsibility

    According to the ISO, social responsibility is about an organization's commitment to transparent and ethical behavior, ensuring decisions and activities have a positive impact on society and the environment.

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    UN Global Compact

    The UN Global Compact is a global initiative, involving over 10,000 participants, promoting corporate citizenship and sustainability.

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    Ten Principles of the UN Global Compact

    The UN Global Compact aims to mainstream ten universally accepted principles across various industries, covering human rights, labor, environment, and anti-corruption.

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    UN Global Compact Objectives

    The UN Global Compact not only promotes these principles but also catalyzes action to support broader UN goals, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

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    Social Actors in UN Global Compact

    The UN Global Compact involves various social actors: businesses, governments, labor, civil society organizations, and the UN itself.

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    Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)

    A global certification program that recognizes and rewards sustainable fishing practices, influencing consumer choices and promoting sustainable seafood markets.

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    EU Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)

    A certification scheme that recognizes and rewards companies and organizations for their environmental performance. It encourages continuous environmental improvement.

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    EU Organic Farming

    A comprehensive system for managing farms and producing food, emphasizing environmental practices, biodiversity, natural resource preservation, and high animal welfare standards.

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    LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)

    A system that assesses and recognizes sustainability performance in buildings, addressing multiple areas like energy efficiency, water conservation, material selection, and indoor environmental quality.

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    BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method)

    A leading global sustainability assessment method used for master planning, infrastructure, and buildings. It assesses and acknowledges the value of high-performing assets throughout their lifecycle.

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    Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC)

    A global organization that sets sustainability standards for travel and tourism. These standards are used for education, policy-making, and certification.

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    ISO 21401 Sustainable Accommodation

    A global standard for sustainable accommodation establishments. It covers environmental, social, and economic requirements for hotels, regardless of their size or location.

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    GSTC Industry Criteria (Hotels)

    Promoting sustainable practices in hotels and accommodations, covering sustainability planning, community benefits, cultural heritage preservation, and environmental impact reduction.

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    Sustainability management system for accommodation establishments

    A structured approach for hospitality businesses to manage their environmental, social, and economic impacts.

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    Preparation and response to environmental emergencies

    This aspect addresses the hotel's preparedness and response to natural disasters and other environmental emergencies.

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    Natural areas, biodiversity, flora and fauna

    This includes minimizing the impact on natural habitats, protecting biodiversity, and considering the use of local flora and fauna in landscaping.

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    Architecture and local construction impact

    This refers to the impact of the hotel's construction and architecture on the local community and environment.

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    Waste, water, and energy management

    This involves managing waste, water, and energy consumption efficiently and sustainably.

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    Local communities, work and income, health and education

    This involves understanding and engaging with local communities, focusing on providing fair working conditions and promoting employee well-being.

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    Economic viability, quality and guest satisfaction

    This explores the hotel's financial stability, its ability to generate profits, and its commitment to providing quality guest experiences.

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    Health and safety of guests and workers

    This includes ensuring the safety and well-being of guests and employees, implementing proper hygiene standards, and complying with relevant safety regulations.

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    Code (Ethics, Conduct)

    A specific set of rules or principles that guide a company's behavior and decision-making.

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    CSR Standard

    A structured system for managing social, environmental, and economic performance, often audited by a third party.

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    Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)

    An organization that promotes sustainability, offering guidelines for reporting on a company's environmental, social, and governance performance.

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    CSR Standard

    A method for achieving certain results, managed by a third party, used across different industries and regions.

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    Stakeholders

    Individuals or groups that have a stake in a company, such as customers, employees, suppliers, investors, and communities.

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    Stakeholder Engagement

    The act of actively engaging with stakeholders to understand their needs, concerns, and expectations.

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    Label

    Symbols that represent the achievement of certain principles or results, such as environmental or fair trade certifications.

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    Legitimacy

    A company's reputation, image, and credibility in the eyes of its stakeholders.

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    Competitive Advantage (CSR)

    Advantages that a company gains in the marketplace through ethical and responsible practices, such as customer loyalty or reduced risk.

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    Benefits of CSR

    The benefits of engaging in CSR, including enhanced reputation, brand image, and legitimacy.

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    Stakeholder Concerns

    Concerns that stakeholders have about a company's actions or policies.

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    Stakeholder Identification

    The process of identifying and understanding the needs and expectations of stakeholders.

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    Stakeholder Dialogue

    The practice of building relationships with stakeholders through dialogue, communication, and collaboration.

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    Implementing CSR

    The act of a company implementing CSR principles and practices to create a positive impact on society and the environment.

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    CSR Reporting

    The act of a company measuring and reporting on its CSR performance to stakeholders.

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    Study Notes

    Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

    • CSR began in the 1950s, with the notion of the obligations of businessmen to act in ways desirable for society.
    • By the 1960s, CSR expanded to include decisions and actions taken by businesses for reasons beyond the firm's economic interests.
    • Social responsibilities encompassed ensuring an economic system fulfilling public expectations (Frederick, 1960).
    • McGuire (1963) identified additional societal responsibilities beyond economic and legal obligations.
    • Davis and Blomstorm (1966) highlighted the obligation for businessmen to consider the needs of others affected by business decisions.
    • In the 1970s, social responsibility was seen as going beyond legal requirements, where the law ends, responsibility begins (Davis, 1973).
    • Carroll (1977) introduced Corporate Social Performance (CSP) and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) concepts.
    • The 1980s saw a focus on the conduct of business, the ethical aspect, and the extent of support to society by the firm (Carroll, 1983).
    • The 1990s saw the evolution of CSR as a concept that included economic, legal, ethical, and voluntary components.

    The 1990s and Beyond

    • Carroll's CSR pyramid illustrates the progression from economic to ethical to legal to philanthropic responsibilities.
    • The European Commission (2010) defined CSR as companies integrating social and environmental concerns in operations and interactions with stakeholders voluntarily.
    • Asian perspectives of CSR emphasise economic, social, and environmental sustainability, balancing stakeholder interests (Fukukawa, 2010).
    • The ISO (2010) defines social responsibility as an organization's actions affecting society. This includes contributing to sustainability and ethical behavior.

    The UN Global Compact

    • Introduced in 2000, the UN Global Compact is a strategic initiative to align business operations with ten principles related to human rights, labor, environment, and anti-corruption.
    • The Global Compact involves various stakeholders, including governments, civil society organizations, and the United Nations.
    • The ten principles cover principles related to human rights, labour, the environment, and anti-corruption.

    Stakeholder Engagement

    • Stakeholder management (SRM) is a way for companies to manage relationships with stakeholders such as employees, customers, shareholders, suppliers, and governments.
    • Companies with strong SRM improve their reputation and reduce risk premiums. (Cornell and Shapiro, 1987)
    • Stakeholders are any group or individual with an interest in the organization's decisions or activities, including those indirectly affected.
    • Clarkson (1995) proposed stakeholder management that companies should focus on their primary stakeholders instead of addressing society at large.

    CSR in Specific Industries (e.g., Hotels)

    • International standards and guidelines (e.g., GSTC, ISO 21401, LEED) exist specifying environmental, social, and economic requirements for sustainable businesses.
    • Examples of certification efforts include, but are not limited to, Fair Labor Association, GRI, SA8000, MSC

    Conclusion

    • CSR is a multifaceted concept that has continued to evolve over time to encompass the interplay between the organization's internal and external stakeholders.

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