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What is the primary goal of a firm according to corporate governance policies?
What is the primary goal of a firm according to corporate governance policies?
A portfolio consisting of multiple assets with a correlation coefficient of 0.5 is an example of:
A portfolio consisting of multiple assets with a correlation coefficient of 0.5 is an example of:
Which of the following factors has the greatest impact on the value of an option?
Which of the following factors has the greatest impact on the value of an option?
A bond with a face value of $1,000 and a market price of $950 is an example of a:
A bond with a face value of $1,000 and a market price of $950 is an example of a:
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The yield curve is a graphical representation of the:
The yield curve is a graphical representation of the:
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What is the primary purpose of a country's financial system?
What is the primary purpose of a country's financial system?
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Which of the following is a consequence of the agency problem?
Which of the following is a consequence of the agency problem?
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What is the main advantage of diversification in a portfolio?
What is the main advantage of diversification in a portfolio?
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What is the relationship between bond duration and interest rate changes?
What is the relationship between bond duration and interest rate changes?
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What is the effect of inflation on the purchasing power of money?
What is the effect of inflation on the purchasing power of money?
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What is the purpose of financial statement analysis?
What is the purpose of financial statement analysis?
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What is the primary function of a country's financial system?
What is the primary function of a country's financial system?
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What is the primary determinant of the value of an asset in a firm?
What is the primary determinant of the value of an asset in a firm?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a systematic risk?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a systematic risk?
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What is the primary goal of a firm's monetary policy decisions?
What is the primary goal of a firm's monetary policy decisions?
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What is the impact of an increase in interest rates on the value of a bond?
What is the impact of an increase in interest rates on the value of a bond?
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Which of the following is a consequence of a bank run?
Which of the following is a consequence of a bank run?
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What is the relationship between the time value of money and the present value of a cash flow?
What is the relationship between the time value of money and the present value of a cash flow?
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What is the primary issue arising from the relationship between principals and agents?
What is the primary issue arising from the relationship between principals and agents?
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What is the main goal of corporate governance?
What is the main goal of corporate governance?
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What is the primary purpose of financial statement analysis?
What is the primary purpose of financial statement analysis?
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What arises when the interests of principals and agents conflict?
What arises when the interests of principals and agents conflict?
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Who are the principals in the agency theory?
Who are the principals in the agency theory?
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What is involved in corporate governance?
What is involved in corporate governance?
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What is the primary principle behind the time value of money?
What is the primary principle behind the time value of money?
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What type of risk is impossible to avoid through diversification?
What type of risk is impossible to avoid through diversification?
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What is the main purpose of diversification in a portfolio?
What is the main purpose of diversification in a portfolio?
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What determines the value of an asset?
What determines the value of an asset?
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What is the primary difference between a long and short position?
What is the primary difference between a long and short position?
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What is the primary advantage of bonds over stocks?
What is the primary advantage of bonds over stocks?
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What is the primary goal of a company's capital structure decisions?
What is the primary goal of a company's capital structure decisions?
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What is the primary function of financial systems?
What is the primary function of financial systems?
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What is the primary difference between common stock and preferred stock?
What is the primary difference between common stock and preferred stock?
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What is the primary impact of an increase in volatility on the value of an option?
What is the primary impact of an increase in volatility on the value of an option?
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What is the core principle of finance that states that money available at the present time is worth more than the same amount in the future?
What is the core principle of finance that states that money available at the present time is worth more than the same amount in the future?
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What is the main goal of diversification in a portfolio?
What is the main goal of diversification in a portfolio?
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What type of risk affects a large number of assets and is impossible to avoid through diversification?
What type of risk affects a large number of assets and is impossible to avoid through diversification?
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What is the primary determinant of an asset’s value?
What is the primary determinant of an asset’s value?
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What is the purpose of financial systems?
What is the purpose of financial systems?
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What is the primary difference between a long and short position?
What is the primary difference between a long and short position?
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What is the primary goal of a firm's capital structure decisions?
What is the primary goal of a firm's capital structure decisions?
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What is the primary characteristic of systematic risk?
What is the primary characteristic of systematic risk?
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What is the primary influence on the value of an option?
What is the primary influence on the value of an option?
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What is the primary advantage of bonds over stocks?
What is the primary advantage of bonds over stocks?
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What is the primary source of conflict in the agency theory?
What is the primary source of conflict in the agency theory?
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What is the main objective of corporate governance?
What is the main objective of corporate governance?
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What is the primary purpose of financial statement analysis?
What is the primary purpose of financial statement analysis?
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Who are the principals in the agency theory?
Who are the principals in the agency theory?
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What is the primary goal of effective corporate governance?
What is the primary goal of effective corporate governance?
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What is the agency problem a result of?
What is the agency problem a result of?
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Study Notes
Firm Performance
- Agency Theory and Problems: Illustrates the dynamics between shareholders (principals) and company executives (agents) with a focus on decision-making conflicts that may arise.
- Agency Problem Example: Managers may prioritize personal gains at the expense of maximizing shareholder wealth.
- Corporate Governance: Encompasses the systems and processes that control, direct, and balance stakeholder interests including shareholders, management, and community.
- Importance of Corporate Governance: Assists firms in establishing objectives, managing risks, and optimizing resource use.
- Financial Statement Analysis: Analyzes financial strengths and weaknesses by assessing the relationships within financial statements to evaluate past and current performance.
Time Value of Money
- Concept: Emphasizes that present money is inherently more valuable than future money due to potential earning capacity.
- Implications: Money can earn interest, making earlier receipt of funds more valuable.
Risk, Diversification, and Asset Pricing
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Long vs. Short Positions:
- Long Position: Buying stocks or commodities with expectations of price increases.
- Short Position: Selling borrowed stocks anticipating repurchase at a lower price for profit.
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Systematic vs. Unsystematic Risk:
- Systematic Risk: Affects broad market segments and cannot be avoided through diversification (e.g., recessions).
- Unsystematic Risk: Specific to individual assets and can be mitigated by diversification.
- Diversification: A strategy that combines various investments in a portfolio, aiming for higher average returns and lower risk compared to individual investments.
Valuation
- Determinants of Asset Value: Assessments of expected cash inflows and outflows over an asset's lifespan, often using discounted cash flow analysis.
- Factors Influencing Asset Value: Includes growth potential, inherent risk, and the economic environment.
- Option Valuation Factors: Determined by stock price, strike price, time to maturity, and volatility of underlying assets; expiration time influences the likelihood of finishing in-the-money.
- Bond Valuation Factors: Affected by interest rate changes, coupon rates, time to maturity, and credit quality; longer maturity bonds are more sensitive to interest fluctuations.
Monetary Policy and Capital Structure Decisions
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Riskiness of Securities:
- Common stock is riskier than preferred stock or bonds with uncertainties around dividends and capital returns.
- Preferred stock has fixed dividends and ranks above common stock but below bonds.
- Bonds offer fixed interest payments, regarded as less risky relative to stocks.
- Optimal Capital Structure: Represents the ideal mix of debt, preferred stock, and common equity to minimize capital costs and maximize stock value.
- Financial Systems Purpose: Facilitate resource allocation, wealth creation, and economic growth by transferring funds between surplus and deficit entities using various instruments and markets.
Additional Concepts
- Understand the implications of bank runs, the components of aggregate demand and supply, and inflation consequences.
- Recognize the importance of the yield curve and its significance in the financial markets.
- Familiarize with concepts of purchasing power and bond duration in financial analysis.
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Description
Test your understanding of corporate finance concepts, including agency theory, financial statement analysis, time value of money, risk, and diversification. Assess your knowledge of corporate governance policies and asset pricing.
