33 Questions
What is the term used to describe macrophages that have engulfed LDL particles?
Foam cells
What is the term for the fibrous cap that covers a growing atheroma?
Interstitial collagen
What is the characteristic feature of longstanding atheromas?
Calcium accumulation
What term is often used to refer to atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (ASCAD)?
CAD
What refers to the cardiac consequences of insufficient coronary blood supply to meet myocardial needs?
Ischemic heart disease
Which of the following factors influences the development of ASCAD?
All of the above
What started as a cohort study in 1948 involving Americans aged 28-62 with no history of heart attack or stroke?
Framingham Heart study
What is a characteristic feature of the plaques vulnerable to rupture in acute coronary syndromes?
Large lipid-rich necrotic core
In the context of acute coronary syndrome, what may lead to myocardial ischemia on minimal exertion or at rest?
Formation of a platelet-fibrin thrombus
How is Chronic Coronary Syndrome categorized?
Patients with stabilized symptoms within 1 year of an ACS
Which diagnostic test is essential in the quick diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome?
Performing an ECG as soon as feasible
What is a key factor that may indicate an acute coronary syndrome?
Rest angina lasting more than 20 minutes
Why is education of patients and their families essential in cases of acute coronary syndrome?
To ensure quick recognition and response to symptoms
Which of the following statements about angina is most accurate?
Angina on exertion usually indicates at least 90% area reduction of a major coronary artery.
What is the purpose of summoning an advanced life support ambulance upon a 911 responder's arrival in cases suggesting myocardial infarction?
To provide transportation to a specialist hospital for PCI if needed
What is the characteristic quality of discomfort experienced during angina?
Tightness, squeezing, or pressure
What is crucial for making a quick diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome in Vancouver and many cities?
Obtaining and transmitting an ECG as soon as feasible
What is a common 'angina equivalent' symptom that some patients may experience?
Shortness of breath
What are likely precipitating factors for angina discomfort?
Exertion or emotional upset
Why does angina typically occur when there is an imbalance between myocardial oxygen demand and supply?
Caused by transient myocardial ischemia
What is one common symptom that may accompany angina?
Nausea
When is angina likely to be more readily precipitated?
On first arising in the morning
What is the primary basis for making a diagnosis of angina?
'Selective testing' based on history
What is the biomarker of choice for diagnosing acute cardiac events?
Troponin (Tp)
Which enzyme may be used as an alternative to troponin in some situations?
Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB)
What action is typically taken if a patient presents with ST elevation in the clinical setting of an ACS?
Coronary balloon angioplasty and stent (Primary PCI)
What diagnosis is assigned to a patient with NSTE-ACS who has no elevation of troponin?
Unstable angina
Which of the following stimuli is NOT mentioned as a possible cause of endothelial irritation in Atherosclerotic Coronary Artery Disease (ASCAD)?
High HDL levels
In CAD spectrum, which condition is characterized by a sequence of endothelial irritation followed by the expression of adhesion molecules on the endothelial surface?
Stable coronary disease
What is the underlying pathophysiology discussed for unstable angina in the CAD spectrum?
Adhesion of circulating monocytes to endothelium
Which stage of CAD spectrum is characterized by adhesion of circulating monocytes that may migrate through the endothelium and into the intima where they transform into macrophages?
Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)
Which condition in the CAD spectrum presents with clinical similarities to unstable angina but with elevated cardiac biomarkers?
Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)
Which type of cardiovascular disease involves diseases of the heart and vasculature, including peripheral arterial disease and cerebrovascular disease?
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
Explore the relationship between coronary artery stenosis and the occurrence of angina symptoms, particularly on exertion. Understand how a reduction in lumen area affects the capacity to increase blood flow and may lead to angina. Learn about the level of stenosis that typically triggers angina.
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