Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following pathophysiological processes is the primary cause of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?
Which of the following pathophysiological processes is the primary cause of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?
- Increased elasticity of arterial walls due to hypertension.
- Valve malfunction causing backflow of blood into the ventricles.
- Weakening of the heart muscle leading to reduced blood flow.
- Accumulation of plaque leading to narrowed or blocked coronary arteries. (correct)
A patient with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) reports experiencing chest pain during moderate exercise. What is the most likely cause of this symptom?
A patient with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) reports experiencing chest pain during moderate exercise. What is the most likely cause of this symptom?
- Inflammation of the pericardium due to viral infection.
- Sudden dilation of coronary arteries, causing erratic blood flow.
- Reduced oxygen supply to the heart muscle because of narrowed arteries. (correct)
- Increased blood flow to the heart muscle due to exercise.
Which statement accurately differentiates Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) from Heart Failure (HF)?
Which statement accurately differentiates Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) from Heart Failure (HF)?
- CAD involves structural abnormalities of the heart, while HF involves blockage of coronary arteries.
- CAD is characterized by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, while HF is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. (correct)
- CAD primarily affects the valves of the heart, whereas HF affects the heart's electrical conduction system.
- CAD directly impairs the heart's pumping ability, whereas HF results from plaque buildup in the arteries.
A patient is diagnosed with heart failure (HF) and asks what this means. Which of the following is the MOST accurate description a nurse could provide?
A patient is diagnosed with heart failure (HF) and asks what this means. Which of the following is the MOST accurate description a nurse could provide?
A nurse is teaching a patient with heart failure (HF) about managing their fluid intake. Why is fluid restriction an important aspect of HF management?
A nurse is teaching a patient with heart failure (HF) about managing their fluid intake. Why is fluid restriction an important aspect of HF management?
A patient presents with shortness of breath, a cough producing pink-tinged sputum, and difficulty lying flat. Which type of heart failure is the patient most likely experiencing?
A patient presents with shortness of breath, a cough producing pink-tinged sputum, and difficulty lying flat. Which type of heart failure is the patient most likely experiencing?
Which of the following assessment findings is most indicative of right-sided heart failure?
Which of the following assessment findings is most indicative of right-sided heart failure?
A patient with Class II heart failure is able to perform which of the following activities?
A patient with Class II heart failure is able to perform which of the following activities?
A patient is diagnosed with Class IV heart failure. Which statement best describes their condition?
A patient is diagnosed with Class IV heart failure. Which statement best describes their condition?
An older adult client comes into the clinic complaining of shortness of breath and swelling in their legs and abdomen. Based on the information, what is the priority nursing intervention?
An older adult client comes into the clinic complaining of shortness of breath and swelling in their legs and abdomen. Based on the information, what is the priority nursing intervention?
Which of the following is the best way to educate your patients about preventing heart failure?
Which of the following is the best way to educate your patients about preventing heart failure?
A patient has been diagnosed with right-sided heart failure. What findings would you expect from the assessment?
A patient has been diagnosed with right-sided heart failure. What findings would you expect from the assessment?
A patient reports they have been experiencing severe fatigue, even with minimal exertion, and is only comfortable when resting. Which functional class of heart failure does this align with?
A patient reports they have been experiencing severe fatigue, even with minimal exertion, and is only comfortable when resting. Which functional class of heart failure does this align with?
A patient who has left-sided heart failure is also experiencing JVD. Which of the following explain this physiological change?
A patient who has left-sided heart failure is also experiencing JVD. Which of the following explain this physiological change?
A patient is being discharged after hospitalization for heart failure. What is the most important discharge instruction you should provide to manage their condition?
A patient is being discharged after hospitalization for heart failure. What is the most important discharge instruction you should provide to manage their condition?
A patient with COPD is admitted to the hospital. Which nursing intervention is most important to implement during the initial assessment?
A patient with COPD is admitted to the hospital. Which nursing intervention is most important to implement during the initial assessment?
Which statement best explains why individuals with COPD are at a higher risk of developing pneumonia?
Which statement best explains why individuals with COPD are at a higher risk of developing pneumonia?
A patient with pneumonia develops a sudden onset of confusion and a decreased level of consciousness. What is the most appropriate initial nursing action?
A patient with pneumonia develops a sudden onset of confusion and a decreased level of consciousness. What is the most appropriate initial nursing action?
Which of the following is the most effective strategy to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in a long-term care facility during an outbreak?
Which of the following is the most effective strategy to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in a long-term care facility during an outbreak?
A nurse is educating a patient with COPD on strategies to improve breathing. Which of the following instructions is most appropriate?
A nurse is educating a patient with COPD on strategies to improve breathing. Which of the following instructions is most appropriate?
Which assessment finding would be most concerning in a patient being treated for pneumonia?
Which assessment finding would be most concerning in a patient being treated for pneumonia?
A patient recovering from COVID-19 reports persistent fatigue and shortness of breath several weeks after initial infection. What should the nurse prioritize in the follow-up assessment?
A patient recovering from COVID-19 reports persistent fatigue and shortness of breath several weeks after initial infection. What should the nurse prioritize in the follow-up assessment?
A nurse is providing discharge teaching to a patient with COPD and a new prescription for home oxygen therapy. Which of the following instructions is most important to emphasize?
A nurse is providing discharge teaching to a patient with COPD and a new prescription for home oxygen therapy. Which of the following instructions is most important to emphasize?
Flashcards
CAD Definition
CAD Definition
Narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries due to plaque buildup (atherosclerosis), reducing blood flow to the heart muscle.
Coronary Arteries
Coronary Arteries
Major blood vessels that supply blood, oxygen, and nutrients to the heart become damaged or diseased.
Heart Failure (HF) Definition
Heart Failure (HF) Definition
A chronic condition where the heart cannot pump blood effectively to meet the body's needs.
Early CAD Warning Signs
Early CAD Warning Signs
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Heart Failure Symptoms
Heart Failure Symptoms
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Define COPD
Define COPD
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Define Pneumonia
Define Pneumonia
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Define COVID-19
Define COVID-19
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Main cause of COPD
Main cause of COPD
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Causes of Pneumonia
Causes of Pneumonia
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COVID-19 causative agent
COVID-19 causative agent
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Symptoms of Pneumonia
Symptoms of Pneumonia
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COVID-19 illness
COVID-19 illness
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Edema in Right Sided HF
Edema in Right Sided HF
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Jugular Vein Distention (JVD)
Jugular Vein Distention (JVD)
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Weight Gain in Right Sided HF
Weight Gain in Right Sided HF
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Dyspnea
Dyspnea
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Cough in Left Sided HF
Cough in Left Sided HF
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Pulmonary Congestion
Pulmonary Congestion
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Orthopnea
Orthopnea
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NYHA Class I Heart Failure
NYHA Class I Heart Failure
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NYHA Class II Heart Failure
NYHA Class II Heart Failure
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NYHA Class III Heart Failure
NYHA Class III Heart Failure
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Study Notes
- Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) occurs when the coronary arteries narrow or become blocked due to plaque buildup (atherosclerosis), reducing blood flow to the heart muscle.
Types of CAD
- Obstructive CAD involves significant narrowing or blockage of major blood vessels.
- Non-Obstructive CAD involves narrowing in smaller vessel branches or the heart muscle squeezing too tightly.
- SCAD (Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection) is a tear in the heart's blood vessels, reducing blood flow/causing heart attack.
CAD Risk Factors ## CAD Risk Factors
- High blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and triglycerides
- Diabetes
- Unhealthy weight and diet
- Excessive alcohol intake
- Insufficient physical activity
- Smoking or chewing tobacco
- Stress
- Depression
CAD Symptoms
- Early warning signs includes fatigue, pain, and dizziness.
- Symptoms associated with angina include squeezing, suffocating, or burning chest pain that may radiate to the arm, neck, back, throat, or jaw.
- Women experiencing non-traditional symptoms report vague chest discomfort, fatigue, sleep difficulties, indigestion, and anxiety.
CAD Prevention
- Be smoke-free and more active
- Maintain a healthy, balanced diet
- Aim for a healthy weight
- Consume less alcohol
- Manage stress
Nursing Considerations for CAD
- Monitor vital signs and symptoms.
- Educate patients on lifestyle modifications.
- Administer medications as prescribed.
- Promote adherence to treatment plans.
- Assess for signs of complications.
Heart Failure (HF)
- Heart failure is a long-term condition where the heart is too weak or stiff to pump properly, leading to fatigue, swelling, and shortness of breath due to fluid buildup.
HF Risk Factors
- Diabetes, high blood cholesterol
- Recreational drug use
- Excessive alcohol use
- Exposure to chemotherapy or radiation therapy
- Smoking, unhealthy diet
- Lack of exercise
- Unhealthy weight
- Men are more likely to have heart failure, age being a factor, but the difference decreases with age
- African heritage increases risk of heart failure
HF Signs and Symptoms
- Shortness of breath and fatigue
- Swelling in legs, ankles, or feet
- Rapid or irregular heartbeat
- Persistent cough or wheezing
Right-Sided Heart Failure
- Swelling in legs, ankles, and abdomen (edema)
- Jugular vein distention (JVD)
- Weight gain from fluid retention
- Enlarged liver and spleen
- Fatigue
Left-Sided Heart Failure
- Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
- Cough with frothy or pink-tinged sputum
- Pulmonary congestion (crackles in lungs)
- Fatigue and weakness
- Difficulty lying flat (orthopnea)
Classification of Heart Failure
- Class I: No symptoms during normal activity, with no limitations in physical activity.
- Class II: Mild symptoms during moderate activity, with slight limitation and comfort at rest.
- Class III: Noticeable symptoms with minimal activity, resulting in marked limitation and comfort only at rest.
- Class IV: Severe symptoms at rest, making it impossible to perform physical activity without discomfort.
HF Prevention
- Heart-healthy diet and regular physical activity
- Weight management
- Smoking cessation
- Regular health check-ups
Nursing Considerations for HF
- Monitor fluid intake and output
- Educate on medication adherence
- Recognize signs of worsening heart failure
- Promote lifestyle changes
- Provide emotional support
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- COPD is a group of lung diseases that block airflow and make breathing difficult, caused by long-term exposure to harmful substances.
COPD Risk Factors
- Smoking and air pollution
- Occupational exposure to dust and chemicals
- Genetic factors (e.g., alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency)
- Frequent respiratory infections
COPD Signs and Symptoms
- Persistent cough lasting more than three months, often with mucus
- Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity
- Frequent respiratory infections like flu, acute bronchitis, or pneumonia
- Wheezing, fatigue, and unintentional weight loss
COPD Prevention
- Avoiding tobacco smoke and pollutants
- Regular exercise and a healthy diet
- Vaccinations against flu and pneumonia
Nursing Considerations for COPD
- Monitor respiratory status
- Educate on proper inhaler technique
- Assist with smoking cessation efforts
- Promote pulmonary rehabilitation
- Provide oxygen therapy when needed
Pneumonia
- Pneumonia is a lung infection causing inflammation in one or both lungs, leading to fluid buildup in the air sacs and is caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
Pneumonia Risk Factors
- Very young or old age
- Chronic diseases (e.g., asthma, COPD)
- Smoking
- Weakened immune system
- Recent respiratory infection
Pneumonia Signs and Symptoms
- Cough, fever, chest pain, and shortness of breath
Pneumonia Prevention
- Vaccinations (e.g., pneumococcal vaccine)
- Good hygiene practices and avoiding smoking
- Healthy lifestyle choices and staying away from sick individuals
Nursing Considerations for Pneumonia
- Monitor vital signs and administer antibiotics as prescribed
- Educate about inhaler use
- Promote adequate hydration
- Assess for complications
COVID-19
- COVID-19 is a contagious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, resulting in respiratory illness and a variety of symptoms.
COVID-19 Risk Factors
- Older age and chronic health conditions
- Weakened immune system
- Close contact with infected individuals
- Certain occupational exposures
COVID-19 Signs and Symptoms
- Fever and cough
- Shortness of breath and fatigue
- Loss of taste or smell
COVID-19 Prevention
- Vaccination, wearing masks
- Hand hygiene and physical distancing
- Avoiding crowded places
Nursing Considerations for COVID-19
- Monitor symptoms and vital signs
- Educate on self-isolation and hygiene
- Assist with vaccination efforts
- Provide emotional support
- Recognize signs of severe illness
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Description
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) occurs when the coronary arteries narrow, reducing blood flow to the heart. Types of CAD include Obstructive, Non-Obstructive, and SCAD. Risk factors include high blood pressure, unhealthy diet, and smoking. Symptoms include fatigue, pain, and dizziness.
