Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT considered an indicator of an impairment in fluency?
Which of the following is NOT considered an indicator of an impairment in fluency?
What primary responsibility do Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs) have regarding communication disorders?
What primary responsibility do Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs) have regarding communication disorders?
Which aspect must be considered when determining the risk of stuttering?
Which aspect must be considered when determining the risk of stuttering?
What should SLPs be ideally prepared to do regarding anxiety and stuttering?
What should SLPs be ideally prepared to do regarding anxiety and stuttering?
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When conducting screening for stuttering, what must SLPs be aware of?
When conducting screening for stuttering, what must SLPs be aware of?
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Which of the following is a secondary behavior associated with disfluency?
Which of the following is a secondary behavior associated with disfluency?
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What is an essential requirement for SLPs regarding assessment materials?
What is an essential requirement for SLPs regarding assessment materials?
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What should SLPs aim to achieve concerning patient independence during treatment?
What should SLPs aim to achieve concerning patient independence during treatment?
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What is the primary goal of desensitization in speech therapy?
What is the primary goal of desensitization in speech therapy?
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Which phase of Fluency Shaping focuses on using fluent speech across various settings?
Which phase of Fluency Shaping focuses on using fluent speech across various settings?
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What is a disadvantage of Speech Modification techniques?
What is a disadvantage of Speech Modification techniques?
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In Fluency Shaping, which technique is NOT typically included in the establishment phase?
In Fluency Shaping, which technique is NOT typically included in the establishment phase?
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Which treatment goal of Speech Modification directly addresses fears and avoidances?
Which treatment goal of Speech Modification directly addresses fears and avoidances?
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Which of the following statements describes the structure of Fluency Shaping therapy?
Which of the following statements describes the structure of Fluency Shaping therapy?
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What is the primary aim in stuttering therapy across all profiles?
What is the primary aim in stuttering therapy across all profiles?
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When preparing an assessment for stuttering, what factors should be considered for appropriateness?
When preparing an assessment for stuttering, what factors should be considered for appropriateness?
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Which premise contrasts Speech Modification with Fluency Shaping?
Which premise contrasts Speech Modification with Fluency Shaping?
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What should a speech-language pathologist (SLP) do when providing indirect treatment for stuttering?
What should a speech-language pathologist (SLP) do when providing indirect treatment for stuttering?
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What is an indicator for using Speech Modification approaches?
What is an indicator for using Speech Modification approaches?
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What is a crucial component of discharge planning in stuttering therapy?
What is a crucial component of discharge planning in stuttering therapy?
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In stuttering modification therapy, which phase focuses on identifying unique factors of a person’s stutter?
In stuttering modification therapy, which phase focuses on identifying unique factors of a person’s stutter?
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What should the educational component provided by SLPs emphasize regarding stuttering?
What should the educational component provided by SLPs emphasize regarding stuttering?
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What distinguishes spontaneous fluency from controlled fluency in therapeutic outcomes?
What distinguishes spontaneous fluency from controlled fluency in therapeutic outcomes?
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What is a common misconception about stuttering therapy regarding the role of other professionals?
What is a common misconception about stuttering therapy regarding the role of other professionals?
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Study Notes
Core Behaviors of Stuttering
- Repetitions: Sounds, syllables, or words repeated excessively, irregularly, or lacking schwa vowel sounds.
- Prolongations: Extended sounds (voiced or voiceless) lasting 0.5 seconds to minutes, marked by pitch/loudness changes.
- Blocks: Speech "stuck" at various levels (respiratory, laryngeal, or articulatory), appearing later and becoming more tense.
Secondary Behaviors
- Escape Behaviors: Attempts to end stuttering (e.g., blinking, head nodding)
- Avoidance Behaviors: Avoiding situations or words, substituting, or using circumlocutions.
- Starters: Phrases like "my name is..."
- Postponements: "um," "uh," "im"
- Substitutions: Replacing words
- Circumlocutions: Describing words instead of saying them
Onset of Stuttering
- Identifying onset is challenging, relying on parental memory which may be unreliable, average onset age is 2:9 (between 2 and 3.5).
- Core behaviors at onset: excessive repetitions, prolongations, and blocks.
- Abrupt onset prevalence: 41-50%.
Incidence & Prevalence
- Incidence: 5-8% (lifetime stuttering).
- Prevalence: 1% (current stuttering).
Recovery without Treatment
- Spontaneous recovery rate: 85% (Yairi & Ambrose, 2013).
- Most recovery within two years of onset (Masson, 2000).
Predictors of Stuttering Persistence
- Family history of stuttering
- Male gender
- Onset after 3.5 years old
- Stuttering that persists for over a year after onset
- Low phonological skills
- Lower than average phonological skills
Predictors of Recovery
- Strong recovery signs within 12 months of onset
- Sex Ratio: Generally 3-4 males for every female.
Variability and Predictability of Stuttering
- Occurs on a continuum (5-20% of speech).
- Fluctuates in frequency, severity and also situations (home vs school).
Language Factors
- Stuttering more likely on consonants than vowels, initial syllables than medial or final, longer more complex words and tense sounds.
- Fluency decreases in singing, choral speech, masking noise, relaxed environments, speaking to pets/kids, etc
Etiological Factors
- Hereditary: Stuttering runs in families, males more prone.
- Neurological anomalies
- Congenital factors: Physical or psychological during birth may increase risk of stuttering.
- Brain structure and function: overactivity in right hemisphere, abnormal activity in cerebellum, supplementary motor area.
Precipitating Factors
- Physical/motor skill variability and incoordination, particularly for complex sentences.
- Cognitive development; emergence of negative attitudes/beliefs.
- Social and emotional development; incomplete emotional regulation.
- Speech and language development (delayed phonology)
Other Constitutional factors
- Motor processing (variability in motor tasks), sensory processing (difficulty with temporal information), language (more complex sentence difficulties)
- Emotion (role in triggering stuttering)
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Description
Explore the fundamental characteristics of stuttering, including repetitions, prolongations, and blocks. This quiz delves into the secondary behaviors that accompany stuttering, such as escape and avoidance behaviors. Gain insights into the onset of stuttering and its complexities.
