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What is the main conclusion drawn from the experiment described in the text?

The number of aphids found on perennial ryegrass is not affected by the presence of endophytic fungi.
Endophytic fungi protect host plants from herbivory by aphids. (correct)
Aphids prefer to feed on perennial ryegrass infected with endophytic fungi.
Endophytic fungi have no effect on the number of aphids found on perennial ryegrass.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the fungus and the photosynthetic partner in a lichen?

Parasitic
Commensalistic
Mutualistic (correct)
Competitive

Which of the following is a characteristic of ascomycete fungi found in lichens?

They are the dominant fungal group in all lichen species.
They are unable to grow without the presence of algae. (correct)
They are unable to reproduce sexually.
They are unable to form a symbiotic relationship with the photosynthetic partner.

What is the main purpose of the experiment described in the text?

To compare the number of aphids found on perennial ryegrass with and without endophytic fungi. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the fungus and the photosynthetic partner in an arbuscular mycorrhizal association?

Mutualistic (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the endophytic fungi in the experiment described in the text?

To protect the perennial ryegrass from herbivory by aphids. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of endophytic fungi in plants?

To protect the host plant from herbivores (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about symbiotic relationships between fungi and plants is true?

Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning they are essential for the fungus' survival (C) Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes a mutualistic relationship from a commensal relationship?

In a mutualistic relationship, both partners benefit (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a plant?

Arbuscular mycorrhizae, where the fungus helps the plant absorb nutrients from the soil (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lichens?

To provide a habitat for other organisms (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about endophytic fungi in Italian rye grass is true?

They help protect the grass from aphid feeding (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about lichens is true?

The fungal partner in lichens protects the photosynthetic partner from desiccation and strong light. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of arbuscular mycorrhizae in plants?

To act as extensions of the root system and increase soil contact and absorption. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about ectomycorrhizae is incorrect?

Ectomycorrhizae are the most common type of mycorrhizal association. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes arbuscular mycorrhizae?

They are potentially capable of increasing crop yields with lower phosphate and energy inputs. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the fungal partner in mutualistic symbiotic associations like lichens and mycorrhizae?

To protect the photosynthetic partner from environmental stresses. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes fungal endophytes?

They are mutualistic associations between fungi and plants, with the fungi living inside plant tissues. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of zygomycetes?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the fungal group Neocallimastigomycetes?

They produce zoospores with multiple flagella (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the microsporidia and the fungi?

Both a and b (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the fungal group Chytrids?

They produce flagellated spores (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a basidiocarp?

A puffball (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of fungi?

They have cell walls made of cellulose. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of a mycelium?

To form a network of hyphae for nutrient absorption. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a mutualistic symbiosis between fungi and animals?

Fungi in the guts of ruminant animals. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which group of fungi is characterized by the production of sexual spores within an ascus?

Ascomycetes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the primary mycelium and the secondary mycelium in fungi?

The primary mycelium is made up of monokaryotic hyphae, while the secondary mycelium is composed of dikaryotic hyphae. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which group of fungi includes the arbuscular mycorrhizae, which form mutualistic associations with plant roots?

Glomeromycetes (D) Signup and view all the answers