COPD Diagnosis and Testing Methods

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What is the definition of unintentional weight loss?

Weight loss that is not intended by the patient and is not a consequence of the expected treatment of a known condition (correct)

Weight loss that is a result of the patient's natural metabolism

Weight loss that is a consequence of the expected treatment of a known condition

Weight loss that is intended by the patient as part of their treatment

How do the appetite-related hormones leptin and ghrelin contribute to weight loss in a patient with pulmonary TB?

They have no effect on the patient's appetite or weight

They increase the patient's appetite, leading to weight gain

They decrease the patient's appetite, leading to weight loss (correct)

They are not involved in the pathophysiology of weight loss in TB patients

Which of the following is not a common clinical manifestation of tuberculosis (TB)?

Rash (correct)

Cough

Chest pain

Fever

What are the gross and histopathological features of primary pulmonary tuberculosis?

Caseous necrosis and granuloma formation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a principle of tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis?

Genetic testing for antibiotic resistance Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard four-drug regimen used to treat tuberculosis (TB)?

Isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol Signup and view all the answers

What is the most essential step in the treatment plan for COPD?

Quitting smoking Signup and view all the answers

Which medication helps reduce airway inflammation and prevent exacerbations in COPD?

Steroids Signup and view all the answers

Which test measures the oxygen level in the blood of COPD patients?

Oximetry or ABG Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a CT scan for COPD patients?

To show the type of COPD, progression, or severity Signup and view all the answers

Which group of COPD patients should be tested for alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency?

All COPD patients, regardless of age or ethnicity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of cancer cachexia?

Soluble factors such as cytokines produced by the tumor and host Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cancer cachexia is true?

Calorie expenditure remains high despite reduced food intake Signup and view all the answers

What is the suspected mediator of cancer cachexia?

TNF and other cytokines produced by macrophages or tumor cells Signup and view all the answers

How does TNF contribute to cancer cachexia?

It suppresses appetite and inhibits lipoprotein lipase action Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between cancer cachexia and starvation?

Cancer cachexia increases metabolic rate, while starvation decreases metabolic rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the only satisfactory treatment for cancer cachexia mentioned in the text?

Removal of the underlying tumor Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the text in discussing paraneoplastic syndromes?

To highlight the importance of recognizing paraneoplastic syndromes in patients with cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text as a common paraneoplastic syndrome?

Myasthenia gravis Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important mechanism underlying hypercalcemia in cancer patients?

The synthesis of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) by tumor cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated percentage of patients with cancer who develop paraneoplastic syndromes?

10% to 15% Signup and view all the answers

How can paraneoplastic syndromes complicate the treatment of cancer patients?

They may mimic metastatic disease, thereby confounding treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text as a type of tumor commonly associated with paraneoplastic syndromes?

Prostate cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) regarding the valvular lesions?

They are nondestruc&ve Signup and view all the answers

What is a common precursor to non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE)?

Hypercoagulable states Signup and view all the answers

What is the usual size range of vegetations in non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis?

1-5 mm Signup and view all the answers

What is a well-recognized predisposing condition for non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE)?

Indwelling catheter Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a condition associated with an increased risk for non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE)?

Previous bacterial endocarditis Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) from infectious endocarditis?

Sterile valvular lesions Signup and view all the answers