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Questions and Answers
What defines the coordination number of a central atom in a complex ion?
What defines the coordination number of a central atom in a complex ion?
In the complex ion K4[Fe(CN)6], what is the coordination sphere?
In the complex ion K4[Fe(CN)6], what is the coordination sphere?
Which of the following complex ions exhibits a square planar geometry?
Which of the following complex ions exhibits a square planar geometry?
What type of ligands are C2O4 and en in [Fe(C2O4)3] and [Co(en)3], respectively?
What type of ligands are C2O4 and en in [Fe(C2O4)3] and [Co(en)3], respectively?
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Which coordination polyhedron is associated with the complex [Co(NH3)6]?
Which coordination polyhedron is associated with the complex [Co(NH3)6]?
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Which of the following statements about linkage isomerism is correct?
Which of the following statements about linkage isomerism is correct?
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In which of the following compounds does ionization isomerism occur?
In which of the following compounds does ionization isomerism occur?
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What distinguishes cis-[CrCl2(ox)2] from trans-[CrCl2(ox)2]?
What distinguishes cis-[CrCl2(ox)2] from trans-[CrCl2(ox)2]?
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Which of the following complex ions exhibits coordination isomerism?
Which of the following complex ions exhibits coordination isomerism?
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Which statement correctly describes solvate isomerism?
Which statement correctly describes solvate isomerism?
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Study Notes
Coordination Numbers
- Coordination number for Pt in [PtCl6] is 6; for Ni in [Ni(NH3)4] is 4.
- Both Fe in [Fe(C2O4)3] and Co in [Co(en)3] have a coordination number of 6, due to bidentate ligands like C2O4 and en (ethane-1,2-diamine).
Sigma and Pi Bonds
- Coordination number is determined by the number of sigma bonds with ligands; pi bonds are not considered.
Coordination Sphere
- Coordination sphere consists of the central atom/ion and its ligands in square brackets, e.g., in K4[Fe(CN)6], the sphere is [Fe(CN)6], and K is the counter ion.
Coordination Polyhedron
- The arrangement of ligands around the central atom defines a coordination polyhedron; common shapes include octahedral (e.g., [Co(NH3)6]), tetrahedral (e.g., [Ni(CO)4]), and square planar (e.g., [PtCl4]).
Isomerism Types
- Linkage Isomerism: Exists with ambidentate ligands; e.g., NCS– can bind through nitrogen (M–NCS) or sulfur (M–SCN).
- Coordination Isomerism: Involves interchange of ligands between cationic and anionic entities, e.g., [Co(NH3)6][Cr(CN)6] vs. [Cr(NH3)6][Co(CN)6].
- Ionisation Isomerism: Occurs when counter ions can also act as ligands; e.g., [Co(NH3)5(SO4)]Br vs. [Co(NH3)5Br]SO4.
- Solvate Isomerism: Known as hydrate isomerism when water is a solvent; changes in ligand ratios demonstrate different complexes and color changes.
Coordination Compound Colors
- Color in transition metal complexes arises from electronic transitions in d orbitals; e.g., rubies exhibit color due to Cr ions in Al2O3, and emeralds have Cr in beryl.
Importance and Applications of Coordination Compounds
- Critical in analytical chemistry for qualitative/quantitative analysis using color reactions from metal-ligand complexes.
- Used in the extraction of metals; e.g., gold forms [Au(CN)2] with cyanide, allowing for purification.
- Significant in biological systems, as well as in industry and medicine; contributes to understanding bonding, reactions, and molecular structure.
Theoretical Perspectives
- Werner's theory highlighted primary (ionic) and secondary (covalent) linkages in coordination compounds, predicting geometrical shapes based on isomerism.
- Valence Bond Theory (VBT) explains the formation and shapes but lacks quantitative magnetic behavior predictions.
- Crystal Field Theory (CFT) discusses d orbital energy splitting in relation to ligand fields, allowing for estimations of energies and stabilities.
- Synergic bonding in metal carbonyls includes both σ and π character, providing stability to these compounds.
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Description
Test your knowledge on coordination numbers and complex ions! This quiz covers examples such as [PtCl6]2+ and [Ni(NH3)4] as well as [Fe(C2O4)3] and [Co(en)3]. Understand the significance of coordination numbers in various transition metal complexes.
