10 Questions
What is the study of earthquakes called?
Seismology
What is the instrument used to measure seismic waves?
Seismometer
According to the theory of plate tectonics, what happens when plates move and interact?
Earth's outer layer is constantly changing and reshaping
What is the scale used to measure the intensity of an earthquake?
Mercalli Scale
What is the effect of an earthquake on granular materials like sand?
It temporarily loses its strength and transforms into a liquid
What can trigger seismicity besides plate tectonics?
Volcanoes and tides
What is the minimum magnitude of an earthquake that can cause a destructive tsunami?
7.5
What is a secondary effect of an earthquake that can occur if dams are damaged?
Floods
What can earthquakes cause by damaging electrical power or gas lines?
Fires
What is a long-term effect of an earthquake on the affected nation?
Ecological and social structure is destabilized
Study Notes
Coordinate Covalent Bond
- Formed in reactions involving two non-metals, such as hydrogen atoms, or between metal ions and ligands.
- Characteristics:
- One atom (donor) shares an electron pair with another atom (acceptor).
- Represented by an arrow (→) pointing from the donor to the acceptor.
- Each atom gains stability after sharing electrons.
- Central to the Lewis theory.
- Important for designing complex organic molecules.
Properties of Coordinate Compounds
- Lower melting and boiling points than ionic compounds.
- Some exhibit isomerism.
- Directional bond due to definite direction of electron sharing.
- Weaker than ionic bonding.
Hydrogen Bond
- Formed due to dipole-dipole interactions between a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom and another highly electronegative atom.
- Conditions for hydrogen bonding:
- Hydrogen atom linked to a highly electronegative atom.
- Attraction of shared pair of electrons, making one end of the molecule slightly negative and the other end slightly positive.
- Example: Water molecules (H2O)
Metallic Bonding
- Properties attributed:
- Electrical conductivity: ability to allow a charge to move through the metal due to the delocalized electrons.
- Thermal conductivity: ability to conduct heat due to the high mobility of delocalized electrons.
- Malleability and ductility: ability to deform without breaking due to the sea of electrons.
Elastomers and Polymers
- Elastomers:
- Polymers with weak intermolecular forces and viscoelasticity.
- Amorphous structure.
- Elastic in nature.
- Applications: motor vehicles, seals, tires, and other components.
- Polymers:
- Macromolecules made up of clusters of subunits.
- Diverse properties depending on the category.
- Mostly brittle/hard and rigid in nature, except for elastomers.
Environmental Studies
- Definition: study of organisms and their interactions with their environment.
- Scope:
- Creates awareness about renewable and non-renewable resources.
- Provides knowledge about ecological systems and cause-and-effect relationships.
- Informs about biodiversity and potential dangers to species.
- Enables understanding of natural and human-induced disasters and pollution.
- Importance: essential for everyone, not just children.
Earthquakes
- Causes:
- Movement and interaction of tectonic plates.
- Plate tectonics theory.
- Volcanoes, tides, underground nuclear testing, and dams can also cause seismic waves.
- Effects:
- Soil liquefaction.
- Landslides and avalanches.
- Tsunamis.
- Floods.
- Fires.
- Destabilization of ecological and social structures.
- Loss of life and property.
- Mental consequences for survivors.
Quiz about coordinate covalent bonds, formed between non-metals or metal ions and ligands, and their properties, including lower melting and boiling points.
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