Podcast
Questions and Answers
EASY What is a primary reason for the deposition of solids in cooling towers?
EASY What is a primary reason for the deposition of solids in cooling towers?
- The increased concentration of dissolved solids due to evaporation (correct)
- The breakdown of calcium bicarbonate at high temperatures
- The reaction of calcium bicarbonate with oxygen
- The corrosion of condenser surfaces
What is the byproduct of the breakdown of calcium bicarbonate in cooling towers?
What is the byproduct of the breakdown of calcium bicarbonate in cooling towers?
- Calcium carbonate (correct)
- Carbon dioxide
- Calcium bicarbonate
- Calcium oxide
What is a consequence of scaling in cooling towers?
What is a consequence of scaling in cooling towers?
- Reduced corrosion risk
- Increased operating costs and risk of under-deposit corrosion (correct)
- Increased heat transfer efficiency
- Improved structural integrity of concrete walls
What is a common source of impurities in cooling water?
What is a common source of impurities in cooling water?
Corrosion in cooling systems can lead to what?
Corrosion in cooling systems can lead to what?
What is biological fouling?
What is biological fouling?
What increases the rate of calcium bicarbonate breakdown and scaling?
What increases the rate of calcium bicarbonate breakdown and scaling?
What is a consequence of under-deposit corrosion?
What is a consequence of under-deposit corrosion?
What is the result of biological attack on cooling tower wood?
What is the result of biological attack on cooling tower wood?
What is the recommended pH range for cooling tower water?
What is the recommended pH range for cooling tower water?
What is the maximum recommended limit of Total Dissolved Solids in cooling tower water?
What is the maximum recommended limit of Total Dissolved Solids in cooling tower water?
Why is it important to control the growth of microorganisms in cooling towers?
Why is it important to control the growth of microorganisms in cooling towers?
What is the purpose of the guidelines published by the Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment?
What is the purpose of the guidelines published by the Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment?
What is the visible result of the cooling tower operation?
What is the visible result of the cooling tower operation?
What is the primary cause of steel corrosion in cooling towers?
What is the primary cause of steel corrosion in cooling towers?
What happens to the rate of corrosion when the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water increases?
What happens to the rate of corrosion when the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water increases?
What is the approximate concentration of dissolved oxygen in water at 20°C?
What is the approximate concentration of dissolved oxygen in water at 20°C?
What is the effect of acidity on corrosion?
What is the effect of acidity on corrosion?
What is the effect of temperature on corrosion rates?
What is the effect of temperature on corrosion rates?
What is a common problem in cooling towers due to airborne dust and debris?
What is a common problem in cooling towers due to airborne dust and debris?
What is biological fouling caused by in cooling towers?
What is biological fouling caused by in cooling towers?
What can biofilms do in cooling towers?
What can biofilms do in cooling towers?
What is a critical biological growth that can appear in cooling towers?
What is a critical biological growth that can appear in cooling towers?
What causes wood deterioration in cooling towers?
What causes wood deterioration in cooling towers?
MEDIUM What is the primary source of carbon for microorganism growth in cooling towers?
MEDIUM What is the primary source of carbon for microorganism growth in cooling towers?
What is the recommended limit for manganese in cooling tower water?
What is the recommended limit for manganese in cooling tower water?
What is the purpose of keeping the pH of cooling tower water between 6 and 8?
What is the purpose of keeping the pH of cooling tower water between 6 and 8?
What is the consequence of not controlling microorganism growth in cooling towers?
What is the consequence of not controlling microorganism growth in cooling towers?
What is the maximum recommended limit for total iron in cooling tower water?
What is the maximum recommended limit for total iron in cooling tower water?
What is the visible result of the cooling tower operation?
What is the visible result of the cooling tower operation?
What is the primary reaction that occurs between steel and oxygen in cooling towers?
What is the primary reaction that occurs between steel and oxygen in cooling towers?
At what temperature does the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water decrease significantly?
At what temperature does the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water decrease significantly?
What is the effect of a neutral pH of 7.1 on steel corrosion?
What is the effect of a neutral pH of 7.1 on steel corrosion?
What is the primary source of plugging in cooling towers?
What is the primary source of plugging in cooling towers?
What is the effect of biofilms on heat exchanger efficiency?
What is the effect of biofilms on heat exchanger efficiency?
What is the primary mode of transmission of Legionella?
What is the primary mode of transmission of Legionella?
What is the primary component of wood that gives it strength?
What is the primary component of wood that gives it strength?
What is the primary agent of delignification in wood?
What is the primary agent of delignification in wood?
What is the effect of temperature on corrosion rates above 70°C?
What is the effect of temperature on corrosion rates above 70°C?
What is the primary reason why Legionella is a significant concern in cooling towers?
What is the primary reason why Legionella is a significant concern in cooling towers?
Why is scaling less severe in cooling towers compared to boilers?
Why is scaling less severe in cooling towers compared to boilers?
What is the primary source of the impurities in cooling water that leads to deposition of solids?
What is the primary source of the impurities in cooling water that leads to deposition of solids?
What is the consequence of under-deposit corrosion in cooling towers?
What is the consequence of under-deposit corrosion in cooling towers?
What is the chemical reaction that leads to the deposition of solids in cooling towers?
What is the chemical reaction that leads to the deposition of solids in cooling towers?
What is the effect of an increase in pH and water temperature on the deposition of solids in cooling towers?
What is the effect of an increase in pH and water temperature on the deposition of solids in cooling towers?
What is the consequence of corrosion in cooling systems?
What is the consequence of corrosion in cooling systems?
What is the primary source of impurities in cooling water that leads to biological fouling?
What is the primary source of impurities in cooling water that leads to biological fouling?
What is the consequence of plugging or erosion of equipment in cooling towers?
What is the consequence of plugging or erosion of equipment in cooling towers?
HARD What is the approximate concentration of dissolved oxygen in water at 30°C?
HARD What is the approximate concentration of dissolved oxygen in water at 30°C?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that enhances biological fouling in cooling towers?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that enhances biological fouling in cooling towers?
What is the primary component of wood that gives it strength?
What is the primary component of wood that gives it strength?
What is the effect of acidity on corrosion rates in cooling towers?
What is the effect of acidity on corrosion rates in cooling towers?
Which of the following is a consequence of corrosion in cooling systems?
Which of the following is a consequence of corrosion in cooling systems?
What is the primary mode of transmission of Legionella?
What is the primary mode of transmission of Legionella?
What is the primary agent of delignification in wood?
What is the primary agent of delignification in wood?
What is the effect of biofilms on heat exchanger efficiency?
What is the effect of biofilms on heat exchanger efficiency?
What is the primary reason why Legionella is a significant concern in cooling towers?
What is the primary reason why Legionella is a significant concern in cooling towers?
What is the consequence of plugging or erosion of equipment in cooling towers?
What is the consequence of plugging or erosion of equipment in cooling towers?
What is the primary reason why the Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment developed water quality guidelines for cooling towers?
What is the primary reason why the Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment developed water quality guidelines for cooling towers?
What is the significance of the recommended pH range of 6 to 8 for cooling tower water?
What is the significance of the recommended pH range of 6 to 8 for cooling tower water?
What is the primary consequence of not controlling the growth of microorganisms in cooling towers?
What is the primary consequence of not controlling the growth of microorganisms in cooling towers?
What is the primary role of non-oxidizing biocides in controlling microorganism growth in cooling towers?
What is the primary role of non-oxidizing biocides in controlling microorganism growth in cooling towers?
What is the primary source of carbon for the growth of microorganisms in cooling towers?
What is the primary source of carbon for the growth of microorganisms in cooling towers?
What is the primary reason why the total dissolved solids limit is set at 2500 mg/L in cooling tower water?
What is the primary reason why the total dissolved solids limit is set at 2500 mg/L in cooling tower water?
What is the primary reason why the concentration of dissolved solids increases in cooling towers?
What is the primary reason why the concentration of dissolved solids increases in cooling towers?
What is the effect of an increase in both pH and water temperature on the rate of calcium bicarbonate breakdown?
What is the effect of an increase in both pH and water temperature on the rate of calcium bicarbonate breakdown?
What is the primary consequence of corrosion in cooling systems?
What is the primary consequence of corrosion in cooling systems?
What is the primary source of impurities in cooling water that leads to plugging or erosion of equipment?
What is the primary source of impurities in cooling water that leads to plugging or erosion of equipment?
What is the primary consequence of biological fouling in cooling towers?
What is the primary consequence of biological fouling in cooling towers?
What is the chemical reaction that leads to the deposition of solids in cooling towers?
What is the chemical reaction that leads to the deposition of solids in cooling towers?
What is the primary reason why scaling is less severe in cooling towers compared to boilers?
What is the primary reason why scaling is less severe in cooling towers compared to boilers?
What is the primary consequence of under-deposit corrosion in cooling towers?
What is the primary consequence of under-deposit corrosion in cooling towers?
Study Notes
Cooling Tower Impurities and Their Effects
- Impurities in cooling tower water can lead to increased operating costs and equipment failure.
- Sources of impurities include:
- Avian waste
- Contact with the atmosphere
- Raw make-up water
Deposition of Solids (Scaling)
- Water evaporation in cooling towers increases the concentration of dissolved solids, leading to deposition of solids (scaling) on condensers and evaporative surfaces.
- Scaling primarily results from dissolved calcium bicarbonate, which breaks down when heated.
- Factors influencing scaling include:
- Concentration of calcium and bicarbonate ions
- pH of the cooling water
- Water temperature
Corrosion
- Corrosion can cause:
- Equipment failure
- Loss of heat transfer efficiency
- Loss of structural integrity of concrete walls and basins
- Principal cause of steel corrosion is dissolved oxygen in the cooling water.
- Factors influencing corrosion include:
- Concentration of dissolved oxygen
- Acidity
- Temperature
Plugging or Erosion of Equipment
- Airborne dust and debris, dirt, sand, corrosion products, natural organics, and aluminum phosphates can enter the water and plug up the system.
- Plugging can lead to increased operating costs and equipment failure.
Biological Fouling
- Biological fouling occurs due to growth of algae, fungi, avian waste, and bacteria in recirculating cooling towers.
- Factors enhancing biological fouling include:
- Warm water
- Abundant sunlight
- Oxygen-rich environment
- Biological fouling can lead to:
- Reduced flow rates
- Corrosion of metals
- Destruction of wooden portions of the tower
Legionella and Waterborne Diseases
- Legionella bacteria can cause serious lung infections and flu-like infections.
- Legionella growth is enhanced in cooling towers and other human-made systems.
- Prevention is the only option, as there is no vaccine.
Wood Deterioration
- Wooden components in cooling towers are susceptible to biological and chemical attack, leading to deterioration.
- Chemical attack occurs mainly through delignification.
- Biological attack occurs through cellulose deterioration.
Water Quality Guidelines
- Guidelines for cooling tower water quality include:
- pH range of 6 to 8
- Total dissolved solids less than 2500 mg/L
- Limits for calcium, iron, manganese, copper, aluminum, sulfide, silica, and suspended solids.
Cooling Tower Impurities and Their Effects
- Impurities in cooling tower water can lead to increased operating costs and equipment failure.
- Sources of impurities include:
- Avian waste
- Contact with the atmosphere
- Raw make-up water
Deposition of Solids (Scaling)
- Water evaporation in cooling towers increases the concentration of dissolved solids, leading to deposition of solids (scaling) on condensers and evaporative surfaces.
- Scaling primarily results from dissolved calcium bicarbonate, which breaks down when heated.
- Factors influencing scaling include:
- Concentration of calcium and bicarbonate ions
- pH of the cooling water
- Water temperature
Corrosion
- Corrosion can cause:
- Equipment failure
- Loss of heat transfer efficiency
- Loss of structural integrity of concrete walls and basins
- Principal cause of steel corrosion is dissolved oxygen in the cooling water.
- Factors influencing corrosion include:
- Concentration of dissolved oxygen
- Acidity
- Temperature
Plugging or Erosion of Equipment
- Airborne dust and debris, dirt, sand, corrosion products, natural organics, and aluminum phosphates can enter the water and plug up the system.
- Plugging can lead to increased operating costs and equipment failure.
Biological Fouling
- Biological fouling occurs due to growth of algae, fungi, avian waste, and bacteria in recirculating cooling towers.
- Factors enhancing biological fouling include:
- Warm water
- Abundant sunlight
- Oxygen-rich environment
- Biological fouling can lead to:
- Reduced flow rates
- Corrosion of metals
- Destruction of wooden portions of the tower
Legionella and Waterborne Diseases
- Legionella bacteria can cause serious lung infections and flu-like infections.
- Legionella growth is enhanced in cooling towers and other human-made systems.
- Prevention is the only option, as there is no vaccine.
Wood Deterioration
- Wooden components in cooling towers are susceptible to biological and chemical attack, leading to deterioration.
- Chemical attack occurs mainly through delignification.
- Biological attack occurs through cellulose deterioration.
Water Quality Guidelines
- Guidelines for cooling tower water quality include:
- pH range of 6 to 8
- Total dissolved solids less than 2500 mg/L
- Limits for calcium, iron, manganese, copper, aluminum, sulfide, silica, and suspended solids.
Cooling Tower Impurities and Their Effects
- Impurities in cooling tower water can lead to increased operating costs and equipment failure.
- Sources of impurities include:
- Avian waste
- Contact with the atmosphere
- Raw make-up water
Deposition of Solids (Scaling)
- Water evaporation in cooling towers increases the concentration of dissolved solids, leading to deposition of solids (scaling) on condensers and evaporative surfaces.
- Scaling primarily results from dissolved calcium bicarbonate, which breaks down when heated.
- Factors influencing scaling include:
- Concentration of calcium and bicarbonate ions
- pH of the cooling water
- Water temperature
Corrosion
- Corrosion can cause:
- Equipment failure
- Loss of heat transfer efficiency
- Loss of structural integrity of concrete walls and basins
- Principal cause of steel corrosion is dissolved oxygen in the cooling water.
- Factors influencing corrosion include:
- Concentration of dissolved oxygen
- Acidity
- Temperature
Plugging or Erosion of Equipment
- Airborne dust and debris, dirt, sand, corrosion products, natural organics, and aluminum phosphates can enter the water and plug up the system.
- Plugging can lead to increased operating costs and equipment failure.
Biological Fouling
- Biological fouling occurs due to growth of algae, fungi, avian waste, and bacteria in recirculating cooling towers.
- Factors enhancing biological fouling include:
- Warm water
- Abundant sunlight
- Oxygen-rich environment
- Biological fouling can lead to:
- Reduced flow rates
- Corrosion of metals
- Destruction of wooden portions of the tower
Legionella and Waterborne Diseases
- Legionella bacteria can cause serious lung infections and flu-like infections.
- Legionella growth is enhanced in cooling towers and other human-made systems.
- Prevention is the only option, as there is no vaccine.
Wood Deterioration
- Wooden components in cooling towers are susceptible to biological and chemical attack, leading to deterioration.
- Chemical attack occurs mainly through delignification.
- Biological attack occurs through cellulose deterioration.
Water Quality Guidelines
- Guidelines for cooling tower water quality include:
- pH range of 6 to 8
- Total dissolved solids less than 2500 mg/L
- Limits for calcium, iron, manganese, copper, aluminum, sulfide, silica, and suspended solids.
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Description
This quiz covers the sources of impurities in cooling tower water, including avian waste, atmospheric contact, and raw make-up water, and the resulting problems of scaling, corrosion, and plugging.
