Harper's Biochemistry Chapter 30 - Conversion of Amino Acids to Specialized Products

The process of breaking down polyamines, which are important for metabolic regulation including signal transduction.

Serine, threonine, and tyrosine are modified forms, and play roles in metabolic regulation and signal transduction.

The creation of creatine, a crucial energy reserve in muscles and brain, made from glycine, arginine, and S-adenosylmethionine.

A crucial energy storage molecule, part of the creatine system.

The removal of creatinine, a breakdown product of creatine, in urine, proportional to muscle mass.

A free amino acid found in tissues, and part of coenzyme A, its breakdown leads to acetyl-CoA.

The process of breaking down β-alanine to acety-CoA.

Another free amino acid that is broken down to succinyl-CoA.

The process that creates heme, a crucial component of hemoglobin.

Key molecules involved in the start of heme synthesis.

A critical step in heme synthesis, which is controlled by the liver.

Serotonin is metabolized by monoamine oxidase to produce various metabolites, including N-acetylated serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetate.

A tumor characterized by excessive serotonin production, leading to increased urinary metabolites like N-acetylated serotonin glucuronide and 5-hydroxyindoleacetate glycine conjugate.

Tryptophan is broken down to tryptamine and indole 3-acetate, producing 5-hydroxyindoleacetate, important urinary metabolites.

Neurons convert tyrosine into epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Melatonin is produced from serotonin through acetylation and methylation reactions in the pineal gland.

Melatonin circulating in the bloodstream is taken up by tissues, including the brain, and rapidly metabolized through hydroxylation followed by conjugation with sulfate or glucuronic acid.

An enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of serotonin and other monoamines.

The process where amino acids are converted into various molecules, like heme, purines, pyrimidines, hormones, neurotransmitters, and bioactive peptides.

A modified form of glutamate, important for calcium binding.

A modified form of proline, crucial for collagen formation.

A modified form of lysine, crucial for collagen stability.

The cycle that transports ammonia and carbons from skeletal muscle to the liver.

The process of breaking down Arginine into various molecules, including creatine, nitric oxide, ornithine, putrescine and spermine.

A signaling molecule produced from arginine, involved in muscle relaxation and vasodilation.

A molecule involved in beta-alanine breakdown to acetyl-CoA

The breakdown of β-alanine into acetyl-CoA.

An amino acid that is broken down into succinyl-CoA.

Dipeptides like carnosine and anserine, that affect muscle function and copper.

An inhibitory neurotransmitter made from glutamate, involved in brain function

Genetic defects affecting GABA's processing, leading to various issues.

A metabolic disorder affecting the breakdown of pyrimidines, leading to β-alanine and β-aminoisobutyrate issues.

A neurotransmitter formed by decarboxylation of glutamate, playing a role in inhibitory signaling.

Process where drugs and metabolites combine with glycine to enhance their water solubility for easier excretion.

Neurotransmitter formed through decarboxylation of histidine, involved in various bodily functions.

Key source of methyl groups. Involved in the synthesis of polyamines.

Serine contributes to purine and thymine's construction and sphingosine synthesis, plus part of phospholipid structure.

Tryptophan breaks down into tryptamine, indole-3-acetate, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetate.

Forms norepinephrine, epinephrine, thyroid hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine.

Rare metabolic conditions resulting from defects in GABA breakdown pathways.

"Indole 3-acetate" and "5-hydroxyindoleacetate" are found in urine.

A modified form of glutamate, crucial for calcium binding in bodily processes.

A modified form of proline, important for collagen formation and structure.

A modified form of lysine, essential for collagen stability and cross-linking.

Cycle transporting ammonia and carbon from muscle to liver.

Breaking down Arginine into various molecules, including creatine, nitric oxide, ornithine, putrescine, and spermine.

A signaling molecule made from arginine, involved in muscle relaxation and vasodilation.

Molecule involved in beta-alanine breakdown into acetyl-CoA.

The breakdown of β-alanine into acetyl-CoA.

An amino acid broken down into succinyl-CoA.

The process of converting amino acids into various substances like heme, purines, and neurotransmitters.

The breakdown of serotonin by monoamine oxidase into various metabolites, including N-acetylated serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetate.

A tumor that overproduces serotonin, leading to increased urinary levels of specific serotonin metabolites.

The breakdown of tryptophan into tryptamine, indole-3-acetate, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetate.

Neurons convert tyrosine into epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Melatonin is produced from serotonin through acetylation and methylation reactions in the pineal gland.

Circulating melatonin is absorbed by tissues (like the brain) and metabolized through hydroxylation, followed by conjugation with sulfate or glucuronic acid.

An enzyme that breaks down serotonin and other monoamine neurotransmitters.

The process where amino acids are converted into various molecules, including heme, purines, pyrimidines, hormones, neurotransmitters, and bioactive peptides.

Acidic drugs and catabolites often react similarly.

Water-soluble molecules formed by combining glycine with other molecules.

A glycine conjugate formed from a food additive, benzoate.

Conversion of histidine to histamine by an enzyme.

A biogenic amine involved in allergic reactions and stomach acid secretion.

Major components of muscles and brain tissues; histidine-derived dipeptides.

A histidine-containing compound found in the human body, derived from cysteine

Glycine provides atoms 4, 5, and 7 in the structure of purine bases.

Glycine is a component of creatine, in which its nitrogen and α-carbon are components of the structure.

Glycine conjugation makes compounds more water soluble, aiding in their excretion in urine.

Tyrosine is hydroxylated, then decarboxylated to form dopamine.

Dopamine is hydroxylated to form norepinephrine.

Norepinephrine is methylated by phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase to produce epinephrine.

Tyrosine is a precursor to thyroid hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine.

Serine is vital for sphingosine synthesis & part of the structure of phospholipids and also involved in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines.

Homocysteine and serine combine to form cystathionine via cystathionine β-synthase.

Serine and homocysteine react to produce cystathionine with water as a byproduct.

Phosphorylation & dephosphorylation of amino acids regulate enzymes and protein function, involved in the regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and signal transduction.

The breakdown of sarcosine to glycine, catalyzed by sarcosine dehydrogenase.

Creatine phosphate is converted to creatinine through a non-enzymatic dehydration reaction, releasing phosphate

The removal of creatinine from the body in urine, reflecting muscle mass.

The formation of creatine, a compound crucial for energy storage in muscle cells, from glycine, arginine, and S-adenosylmethionine.

A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative derived from glycine and a methyl group

A non-proteinogenic amino acid found in tissues and in specific dipeptides that affects muscle function and copper metabolism

A non-proteinogenic amino acid that is derived from the breakdown of valine and involved in various metabolic processes.

Enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of sarcosine to glycine

Methyl groups that are released from sarcosine when undergoing catabolism and are important for metabolic pathways

A methyl donor crucial for various metabolic reactions, including creatine synthesis.

A key source of methyl groups, involved in the synthesis of polyamines.

Molecules functioning in cell proliferation, growth, and stabilizing cells and subcellular structures.

The creation of polyamines from methionine and ornithine.

The breakdown of polyamines.

The process of creating creatine from glycine, arginine, and S-adenosylmethionine.

A crucial energy storage molecule used in the creatine system.

The removal of creatinine, a breakdown product of creatine, from the body in urine.

Process where amino acids are converted to many essential molecules.

Serine is involved in purine and thymine synthesis, sphingosine synthesis and is part of phospholipid structure.

Combines to form cystathionine.

A modified form of glutamate, importantly involved in calcium binding.

A modified form of proline, crucial for collagen's structure.

A modified form of lysine, vital for collagen stability.

Cycle transferring ammonia and carbons between muscle and liver.

Breakdown of arginine creating creatine, nitric oxide, ornithine, putrescine, and spermine.

A signaling molecule from arginine, relating to muscle relaxation and vasodilation.

Molecule involved in beta-alanine breakdown into acetyl-CoA.

Breakdown of beta-alanine into acetyl-CoA.

Amino acid broken down into succinyl-CoA.

Conversion of amino acids into various molecules, like heme, purines, and neurotransmitters.

Breakdown of serotonin by monoamine oxidase into various metabolites.

Tumor overproducing serotonin, leading to increased urinary serotonin metabolites.

Breakdown of tryptophan into tryptamine, indole-3-acetate, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetate.

Conversion of tyrosine into epinephrine and norepinephrine in neurons.

Production of melatonin from serotonin via acetylation and methylation.

Breakdown of circulating melatonin by hydroxylation and conjugation in tissues.