Conversational Vocabulary Español

Este, Esta, Esto: Indicates something that is close by; translates to "this"
- Este: Used for masculine nouns
- Esta: Used for feminine nouns
- Esto: Used when the gender of the noun is unknown
Ese, Esa, Eso: Refers to something that is further away, translating to "that"
- Not as distant as "aquel"
Aquel, Aquella, Aquellos: Indicates something that is far away; translates to "there" or "those"
- Used for both masculine (aquellos) and feminine (aquella) nouns

Nouns have gender (masculine or feminine) and forms for singular and plural.
Pronouns are categorized as subject (yo, tú), object (me, te), and possessive (mi, tu).
Verbs are conjugated according to tense, mood, and subject, affecting how they are used in sentences.

Regular verbs follow specific conjugation patterns:
- -ar example: hablar (hablo, hablas, habla)
- -er example: comer (como, comes, come)
- -ir example: vivir (vivo, vives, vive)
Common irregular verbs include:
- ser (soy, eres)
- estar (estoy, estás)
- ir (voy, vas)

Present tense indicates actions occurring now (e.g., hablo, comes).
Preterite tense is used for actions that are completed (e.g., hablé, comiste).
Imperfect tense emphasizes ongoing actions in the past (e.g., hablaba, comía).
Future tense describes actions that will occur (e.g., hablaré, comerás).
Conditional tense is used for hypothetical actions (e.g., hablaría, comerías).

Subject-verb agreement requires the verb to match the subject in number and person.
Noun-adjective agreement mandates that adjectives align with the gender and number of nouns (e.g., el libro rojo, las casas rojas).

The basic sentence order is Subject + Verb + Object (e.g., Yo como manzanas).
Questions are formed by inverting the subject and verb or using question words (e.g., ¿Dónde estás?).

Definite Articles specify nouns:
- el (masculine singular), la (feminine singular), los (masculine plural), las (feminine plural).
Indefinite Articles denote non-specific items:
- un (masculine singular), una (feminine singular), unos (masculine plural), unas (feminine plural).

Essential prepositions include a (to), de (of/from), en (in/on), con (with), por (for), para (for).

Adverbs are typically formed by adding the suffix -mente to adjectives (e.g., rápido → rápidamente).
Adverbs can express time (hoy), manner (bien), and frequency (siempre).

The subjunctive mood conveys doubt, desire, or uncertainty.
It has distinct conjugation patterns, differing from the indicative mood.
Triggers for the subjunctive include phrases like "Espero que" and "Es importante que."

Direct Object Pronouns replace nouns: lo, la, los, las.
Indirect Object Pronouns indicate to whom something is given: me, te, le, nos, les.

Reflexive verbs indicate actions that the subject performs on themselves (e.g., me levanto).
They require a reflexive pronoun: me, te, se.

Use the conditional tense to express hypothetical situations (e.g., Si tuviera dinero, viajaría).

Spanish grammar consists of a structured set of rules encompassing verb conjugation, sentence formation, and agreements. Knowing the different tenses, moods, and parts of speech is essential for effective communication.