Convergence in the Retina

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Questions and Answers

Which type of cells enhance the signal processing between bipolar and ganglion cells?

  • Photoreceptor cells
  • Horizontal and amacrine cells (correct)
  • Rod cells
  • Cone cells

What is the ratio of rods to cones in the retina, except in the fovea?

  • 2:1
  • 20:1 (correct)
  • 1:1
  • 10:1

What is the function of rods in vision?

  • Enhanced visual acuity
  • Sharpness (acuity) of vision
  • Color vision
  • Nighttime vision (correct)

What is the function of cones in vision?

<p>Color vision (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the visual pigment for rod cells?

<p>Rhodopsin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the visual pigment for cones that respond to green wavelengths?

<p>Green (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the membrane potential of a rod cell when light activates rhodopsin?

<p>Hyperpolarization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the eye is responsible for bending light rays and modifying its shape to focus the light on the retina?

<p>Lens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the ability of the lens to modify its shape to adjust the focal length?

<p>Accommodation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which visual deficit occurs when the focal point falls behind the retina?

<p>Hyperopia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the process of converting light stimulus into a change in membrane potential within the retina?

<p>Phototransduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells sit between the light stimulus and the photoreceptor cells in the retina?

<p>Bipolar cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which area of the retina do photoreceptors have direct access to light and reflect the most visual acuity?

<p>Fovea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe near-sightedness, where the focal point falls in front of the retina?

<p>Myopia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the three steps involved in the process of vision?

<p>The transmission of light through the cornea and the aqueous humor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve controls the six eye muscles that innervate the eye?

<p>Cranial nerve III (oculomotor) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the eye is filled with a substance called aqueous humor?

<p>Anterior chamber (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the lacrimal gland in the eye?

<p>To produce tears (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the eye is a clear and gelatinous matrix that maintains the shape of the eyeball?

<p>Vitreous body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure of the eye can change in diameter in response to changes in light?

<p>Pupil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Through which structure do the nerves (optic nerve) exit the eye?

<p>Optic disc (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the light-on response in bipolar cells?

<p>The bipolar neuron is activated by glutamate release in the light (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ganglion cells in the visual system?

<p>To extend into axons that make up the optic nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the optic nerves cross in the visual system?

<p>At the optic chiasm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the brain is responsible for constricting the pupils in response to light?

<p>The Edinger Westphal nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does visual information leave the nuclei and reduce the amount of light entering both eyes?

<p>Via the parasympathetic fibers of the oculomotor nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the pretectum in the visual system?

<p>To constrict the pupils in response to light (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is visual information sent after the optic chiasm?

<p>To the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the lateral geniculate body in the visual system?

<p>To conserve orientation and mapping within the retina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pupillary reflex?

<p>The constricting of the pupils in response to light (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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