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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the conducting airways?
What is the primary function of the conducting airways?
What does the mucociliary blanket primarily do?
What does the mucociliary blanket primarily do?
Which structure is NOT part of the conducting airways?
Which structure is NOT part of the conducting airways?
What effect does smoking have on ciliated cells in the conducting airways?
What effect does smoking have on ciliated cells in the conducting airways?
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Which of the following is a function of the conducting airways?
Which of the following is a function of the conducting airways?
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What is the primary function of the larynx during swallowing?
What is the primary function of the larynx during swallowing?
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What primarily supports the walls of the trachea?
What primarily supports the walls of the trachea?
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Which function is NOT performed by the lungs?
Which function is NOT performed by the lungs?
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What composition primarily makes up the walls of bronchioles?
What composition primarily makes up the walls of bronchioles?
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How does an increase in respiratory rate during a fever affect the lungs?
How does an increase in respiratory rate during a fever affect the lungs?
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What is the primary function of Type I cells in the alveoli?
What is the primary function of Type I cells in the alveoli?
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How does surfactant prevent alveolar collapse?
How does surfactant prevent alveolar collapse?
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Which of the following best describes the role of surfactant in the alveoli?
Which of the following best describes the role of surfactant in the alveoli?
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What would happen to alveoli without surfactant?
What would happen to alveoli without surfactant?
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What effect does surfactant have on pulmonary edema?
What effect does surfactant have on pulmonary edema?
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What is the primary reason carbon dioxide diffuses more rapidly than oxygen in the respiratory membrane?
What is the primary reason carbon dioxide diffuses more rapidly than oxygen in the respiratory membrane?
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What is a consequence of dead air space in the lungs?
What is a consequence of dead air space in the lungs?
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Which statement is correct regarding shunt in pulmonary circulation?
Which statement is correct regarding shunt in pulmonary circulation?
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What is the typical normal value for the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in arterial blood?
What is the typical normal value for the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in arterial blood?
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How is most oxygen transported in the blood?
How is most oxygen transported in the blood?
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What is the primary function of pulmonary circulation?
What is the primary function of pulmonary circulation?
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What determines lung compliance?
What determines lung compliance?
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Which lung volume represents the amount of air that can be exhaled beyond normal tidal volume?
Which lung volume represents the amount of air that can be exhaled beyond normal tidal volume?
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What occurs during alveolar ventilation?
What occurs during alveolar ventilation?
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What phenomenon leads to pulmonary hypertension in chronic lung disease?
What phenomenon leads to pulmonary hypertension in chronic lung disease?
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Which of the following lung capacities includes the tidal volume?
Which of the following lung capacities includes the tidal volume?
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How does hypoxia affect blood vessels in the lungs?
How does hypoxia affect blood vessels in the lungs?
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What is NOT a part of pulmonary gas exchange?
What is NOT a part of pulmonary gas exchange?
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What factor can decrease the efficiency of gas diffusion in the lungs?
What factor can decrease the efficiency of gas diffusion in the lungs?
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Which volume indicates the air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration?
Which volume indicates the air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration?
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Study Notes
Anatomy & Physiology of the Respiratory System
- The respiratory system includes air passages and lungs, divided into conducting airways and respiratory tissues.
- Conducting airways consist of the nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
Conducting Airways Function
- Air is warmed, filtered, and humidified within conducting airways.
- Lined by epithelial cells including mucus-secreting cells and ciliated cells.
- Mucociliary blanket traps dust and bacteria; cilia help clear lower airways.
Larynx Functions
- Promotes speech through glottis control.
- Protects lungs during swallowing by covering the larynx with the epiglottis.
Trachea and Bronchioles
- Supported by C-shaped hyaline cartilage to prevent collapse during negative thoracic pressure.
- Bronchioles lack cartilage, composed mainly of smooth muscle and elastic fibers.
Lung Functions
- Gas exchange, angiotensin conversion, heparin production, and inactivation of vasoactive substances.
Alveolar Structures
- Composed of Type I (for gas exchange) and Type II cells (produce surfactant).
- Surfactant decreases surface tension, prevents alveolar collapse, stabilizes ventilation, and reduces pulmonary edema risk.
Ventilation Mechanics
- Gas pressure inversely relates to volume; air moves from high to low pressure.
- During inspiration, chest cavity increases in size, allowing air entry into lungs.
Lung Compliance
- Refers to the ease of lung inflation, influenced by elastin, collagen, water content, and surface tension.
- Diseases like pulmonary fibrosis result in reduced compliance.
Lung Volumes
- Tidal Volume (TV): 500 ml of air exchanged during normal breathing.
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): additional 3100 ml possible inhalation.
- Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): 1200 ml of additional exhalation.
- Residual Volume (RV): 1200 ml remains post-exhalation.
Lung Capacities
- Vital Capacity (VC) = IRV + TV + ERV.
- Inspiratory Capacity (IC) = IRV + TV.
- Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) = RV + ERV.
- Total Lung Capacity: sum of all lung volumes.
Gas Exchange Processes
- Gas exchange consists of ventilation, perfusion, and diffusion.
- Effective gas exchange relies on matching alveolar ventilation with perfused pulmonary capillaries.
Ventilation Types
- Pulmonary Ventilation: total air exchange between atmosphere and lung.
- Alveolar Ventilation: specific to gas exchange regions of the lungs.
Perfusion Importance
- Blood flow through pulmonary capillaries is crucial for gas exchange and filtration of toxins.
- Blood flow distribution is influenced by gravity and body position.
Hypoxia Effects
- Hypoxia causes vasoconstriction when alveolar oxygen levels drop below 60 mmHg.
- Regional hypoxia diverts blood flow from obstructed areas, while generalized hypoxia can lead to pulmonary hypertension.
Diffusion Influencing Factors
- Surface area for diffusion, membrane thickness, differences in gas partial pressure, and gas characteristics (e.g., CO2 diffuses rapidly due to greater solubility) affect diffusion efficacy.
Ventilation-Perfusion Matching
- Efficiency in gas exchange requires proper matching of ventilation to perfusion.
- Dead air space occurs when alveoli are ventilated but not perfused, and shunts happen when unventilated areas receive blood.
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport
- Gases are transported as dissolved gases or bound to hemoglobin.
- Normal arterial values: PO2 above 80 mmHg and PCO2 between 35 to 45 mmHg.
- Increased alveolar gas partial pressure generally correlates with arterial pressure.
Oxygen Transport Forms
- Primarily (98-99%) transported in chemical combination with hemoglobin.
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Description
This quiz covers the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, including the functions of the lungs, lung volumes and capacities, as well as the exchange and transport of gases. It is essential for understanding the respiratory system's structure and function in clinical practice.