Control and Digital Systems Lecture 1 & 2

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Questions and Answers

How does the number of bits in an ADC affect its performance?

More bits increase sensitivity to noise.

More bits decrease the input range of the ADC.

More bits result in fewer samples per second.

More bits improve resolution and accuracy of the signal representation. (correct)

What is the effect of a higher sampling rate in an ADC?

Better representation of fast-changing signals. (correct)

Decreased accuracy of the analog signal.

Lower power consumption.

Increased sensitivity to noise.

What happens if the input voltage exceeds the ADC's defined input range?

The ADC stops functioning until reset.

The ADC will convert the voltage accurately.

The ADC may give an inaccurate conversion. (correct)

The ADC will simply output zero.

Which of the following statements regarding ADCs is true?

ADCs with higher speeds may sacrifice some precision. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using Karnaugh maps (K-maps) in circuit design?

To simplify algebraic expressions and optimize circuit design. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Nyquist rule in terms of sampling frequency?

Sampling frequency must be at least twice the maximum frequency. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a parity checker in digital systems?

To verify the number of ones, determining even or odd parity. Signup and view all the answers

In an AND gate with inverted inputs, what is the equivalent gate configuration?

An OR gate with inverted output. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the difference between analog and digital systems?

Analog systems are generally less complex and more reliable for certain applications. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of an actuator in a control system?

To alter or adjust the environment by transforming energy into mechanical force. Signup and view all the answers

What are the main features of a microcontroller?

A single processor core, memory blocks, digital I/O, and analog I/O. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the Arduino microcontroller?

It is an open-source microcontroller known for its low cost and power. Signup and view all the answers

What limitations are associated with the Raspberry Pi?

It has a limited number of inputs and outputs and heats up quickly. Signup and view all the answers

What type of signals do microcontrollers typically handle?

Both analog and digital signals. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a key characteristic of the SPI communication protocol?

It requires a clock wire for communication between devices. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary challenge faced by control systems when representing physical systems?

Maintaining a linear, time-invariant mathematical model for varying systems. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of an ADC in a digital system?

To convert continuous analog signals to discrete digital values Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following power types is produced by inductive loads?

Reactive power Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'apparent power' refer to in electrical systems?

The combination of active and reactive power Signup and view all the answers

How does digitization of an analog signal occur?

By dividing the analog signal into discrete steps based on resolution Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding digital and analog systems?

Digital systems process data with finite resolutions, while analog processes are continuous. Signup and view all the answers

What does the maximum number represented by n bits equal?

2^n - 1 Signup and view all the answers

What are digital systems generally known for compared to analog systems?

Offering easier programmability and reconfigurability Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements accurately describes the nature of analog signals?

They are continuous but can degrade over long distances. Signup and view all the answers

When sampling an analog signal, what is the key objective?

To take measurements at regular intervals Signup and view all the answers

In terms of power definition, what is 'active power' responsible for?

Power supplied for physically useful work Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lecture 1: Control Systems

Sensors provide data to control systems for decision-making
Sensors detect physical parameters using electrical signals (voltage or current)
Control systems use mathematical models to represent physical systems, aiming for simplicity, reliability, and accuracy
Single Input Single Output (SISO) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems are common types
Actuators adjust the environment (e.g., motors) based on control system instructions
Open-loop systems have control actions independent of the desired output & no feedback path. These systems are simple and economical, but they lack accuracy
Closed-loop systems have control actions dependent on the desired output and feedback. These are more complex and expensive, but highly accurate
Disturbances and correcting actions are often external inputs in controller diagrams

Lecture 2: Digital Systems

Digital systems are more flexible and easily mass-produced compared to analog systems
Analog systems are less complex and more reliable in certain applications, like fail-safes
Digital systems are becoming cheaper, smaller, and consume less energy, driving advancements in engineering
Microprocessors (CPUs) handle instruction fetching, data decoding, and command execution within systems
Microcontrollers combine the necessary components (processors, memory, and I/O) on a single chip
Different programming languages (C/C++, assembly) have varying advantages and disadvantages for microcontrollers
Arduino is a low-cost, open-source microcontroller platform using C/C++
Arduino has analog and digital pins, with analog signals in the form of sine waves and digital signals as square waves
Shields expand capabilities of basic Arduino circuits
Raspberry Pi is a microcomputer with an operating system (Raspbian) and various communication options

Lecture 3: LCD, PWM, and DC-DC Converters

LCDs use an I2C communication protocol
Torque is calculated as force times distance (Fx D)
Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) affects average power by adjusting the on-off time ratio
Duty cycle is the ratio of time the signal is on to the total time
DC motors use electromagnetism, Servo motors have a feedback component
Stepper motors control movement by energizing specific coils

Lecture 4: Analog to Digital Conversion and Systems

Analog systems have continuous signals with infinite possible values and are sensitive to noise
Digital systems have discrete signals with finite values (0 or 1) and are less sensitive to noise
Signal conversion (analog to digital) introduces inaccuracies, and digital systems are used primarily for processing and representation of the signal for processing and control purposes.
Digital systems have a limited resolution, influencing precision and accuracy

Lecture 5: AC/DC Conversion and Electrical Concepts

AC (alternating current) systems have a different electrical waveform compared to DC (direct current)
Important components (inductive, resistive, capacitive loads) respond differently to alternating current and contribute to different power types (KW, KVAR, KVA).
Using proper electrical conversion systems (rectifiers, inverters, AC-DC ) is vital to processing, power, and signal conversion
Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) turns analog signals into digital values

Lecture 6: Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC), Sampling and Data Handling

ADCs convert analog signals to digital signals by sampling and quantizing at regular intervals
Resolution of the ADC (number of bits) and sampling rate determine the accuracy of representation
ADCs are sensitive to noise, and more precise and faster versions require greater power consumption
Accuracy and performance of ADCs are important in various applications (sensor readings, communication systems, and control)
Nyquist rule sets the minimum sampling frequency which must be at least double the frequency of the signal being sampled. Failure to meet this rule introduces aliasing artifacts

Lecture 7: Logic Gates, Parity Checkers

Logic gates (AND, OR, XOR, NAND, NOR, XNOR) perform basic logical operations on binary values (0 and 1) using different configurations and truth tables
Parity checkers are used for error detection in digital circuits.

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Description

Explore the fundamentals of control systems in Lecture 1, covering sensor data, system types, and feedback mechanisms. Lecture 2 delves into digital systems, highlighting their advantages over analog systems, focusing on flexibility and production efficiency. Understand key concepts essential for modern control and digital technology.