Control and Digital Systems Lecture 1 & 2

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Questions and Answers

How does the number of bits in an ADC affect its performance?

  • More bits increase sensitivity to noise.
  • More bits decrease the input range of the ADC.
  • More bits result in fewer samples per second.
  • More bits improve resolution and accuracy of the signal representation. (correct)

What is the effect of a higher sampling rate in an ADC?

  • Better representation of fast-changing signals. (correct)
  • Decreased accuracy of the analog signal.
  • Lower power consumption.
  • Increased sensitivity to noise.

What happens if the input voltage exceeds the ADC's defined input range?

  • The ADC stops functioning until reset.
  • The ADC will convert the voltage accurately.
  • The ADC may give an inaccurate conversion. (correct)
  • The ADC will simply output zero.

Which of the following statements regarding ADCs is true?

<p>ADCs with higher speeds may sacrifice some precision. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using Karnaugh maps (K-maps) in circuit design?

<p>To simplify algebraic expressions and optimize circuit design. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Nyquist rule in terms of sampling frequency?

<p>Sampling frequency must be at least twice the maximum frequency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a parity checker in digital systems?

<p>To verify the number of ones, determining even or odd parity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an AND gate with inverted inputs, what is the equivalent gate configuration?

<p>An OR gate with inverted output. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the difference between analog and digital systems?

<p>Analog systems are generally less complex and more reliable for certain applications. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of an actuator in a control system?

<p>To alter or adjust the environment by transforming energy into mechanical force. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main features of a microcontroller?

<p>A single processor core, memory blocks, digital I/O, and analog I/O. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the Arduino microcontroller?

<p>It is an open-source microcontroller known for its low cost and power. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitations are associated with the Raspberry Pi?

<p>It has a limited number of inputs and outputs and heats up quickly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of signals do microcontrollers typically handle?

<p>Both analog and digital signals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a key characteristic of the SPI communication protocol?

<p>It requires a clock wire for communication between devices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary challenge faced by control systems when representing physical systems?

<p>Maintaining a linear, time-invariant mathematical model for varying systems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of an ADC in a digital system?

<p>To convert continuous analog signals to discrete digital values (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following power types is produced by inductive loads?

<p>Reactive power (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'apparent power' refer to in electrical systems?

<p>The combination of active and reactive power (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does digitization of an analog signal occur?

<p>By dividing the analog signal into discrete steps based on resolution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding digital and analog systems?

<p>Digital systems process data with finite resolutions, while analog processes are continuous. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the maximum number represented by n bits equal?

<p>2^n - 1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are digital systems generally known for compared to analog systems?

<p>Offering easier programmability and reconfigurability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements accurately describes the nature of analog signals?

<p>They are continuous but can degrade over long distances. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When sampling an analog signal, what is the key objective?

<p>To take measurements at regular intervals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of power definition, what is 'active power' responsible for?

<p>Power supplied for physically useful work (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit)

A communication protocol used for low-speed peripherals with two signal lines: SCL (clock) and SDA (data). SDA acts as both input and output for the slave device.

SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)

A communication protocol for high-speed peripherals with separate lines for clock, data input, and data output.

Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)

A type of electronic component that converts analog signals into digital signals.

Active Power (KW)

The power used by electrical equipment to perform useful work.

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Reactive Power (KVAR)

The power required by magnetic equipment (like motors) to create a magnetic field, not used for useful work.

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Apparent Power (KVA)

The total power in an electrical circuit, which is the vector sum of active power and reactive power.

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Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC)

A type of electronic component that converts digital signals into analog signals.

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Digital Resolution

The number of distinct voltage levels that a digital system can recognize.

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Hybrid System

A system that uses both analog and digital components to process information.

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Bit

The smallest unit of information in digital systems, represented as 0 or 1.

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ADC Resolution

The number of bits used in an ADC determines the resolution and accuracy of the conversion from analog to digital. Higher bit values offer finer granularity and more precise representation.

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Sampling Rate

The frequency at which the ADC samples the analog signal. A higher sampling rate captures more data points per second, resulting in a more accurate representation of the signal.

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Input Range

The range of input voltages that the ADC can accurately measure. Voltages outside this range will be clipped or distorted.

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Aliasing

A phenomenon that occurs when the sampling rate of an ADC is not high enough to capture the highest frequency component of the analog signal. This can lead to distortion and misinterpretation of the original signal.

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Step Size (Q)

The amount of voltage change required to move from one quantization level to the next in an ADC.

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AND Gate

A logic gate whose output is true only if all its inputs are true. It performs logical multiplication of its inputs.

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OR Gate

A logic gate whose output is true if at least one of its inputs is true. It performs logical addition of its inputs.

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Karnaugh Map (K-Map)

A graphical method used to simplify logic expressions by visually grouping together terms with common variables. It helps reduce the number of logic gates required and optimize the circuit.

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Actuator

A device used by a control system to adjust or change the physical environment.

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Closed-loop control system

A system that uses sensors to collect data, processes the data, and then uses actuators to control a physical process. The system continuously monitors the output and adjusts the input to achieve desired results.

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Open-loop control system

A system that makes decisions based on a predefined set of instructions, without feedback from the output.

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SISO (Single Input Single Output)

A type of control system with one input and one output.

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MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)

A type of control system with multiple inputs and outputs.

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Analog signals

Signals that change continuously over time, represented by smooth curves, often used in sensor readings.

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Digital signals

Signals that have discrete values, represented by square waves, often used in digital systems.

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Microcontroller

A type of computer built onto a single integrated circuit (IC) that includes a processor, memory, input/output (I/O) interfaces, and peripherals, often used in embedded systems.

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Study Notes

Lecture 1: Control Systems

  • Sensors provide data to control systems for decision-making
  • Sensors detect physical parameters using electrical signals (voltage or current)
  • Control systems use mathematical models to represent physical systems, aiming for simplicity, reliability, and accuracy
  • Single Input Single Output (SISO) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems are common types
  • Actuators adjust the environment (e.g., motors) based on control system instructions
  • Open-loop systems have control actions independent of the desired output & no feedback path. These systems are simple and economical, but they lack accuracy
  • Closed-loop systems have control actions dependent on the desired output and feedback. These are more complex and expensive, but highly accurate
  • Disturbances and correcting actions are often external inputs in controller diagrams

Lecture 2: Digital Systems

  • Digital systems are more flexible and easily mass-produced compared to analog systems
  • Analog systems are less complex and more reliable in certain applications, like fail-safes
  • Digital systems are becoming cheaper, smaller, and consume less energy, driving advancements in engineering
  • Microprocessors (CPUs) handle instruction fetching, data decoding, and command execution within systems
  • Microcontrollers combine the necessary components (processors, memory, and I/O) on a single chip
  • Different programming languages (C/C++, assembly) have varying advantages and disadvantages for microcontrollers
  • Arduino is a low-cost, open-source microcontroller platform using C/C++
  • Arduino has analog and digital pins, with analog signals in the form of sine waves and digital signals as square waves
  • Shields expand capabilities of basic Arduino circuits
  • Raspberry Pi is a microcomputer with an operating system (Raspbian) and various communication options

Lecture 3: LCD, PWM, and DC-DC Converters

  • LCDs use an I2C communication protocol
  • Torque is calculated as force times distance (Fx D)
  • Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) affects average power by adjusting the on-off time ratio
  • Duty cycle is the ratio of time the signal is on to the total time
  • DC motors use electromagnetism, Servo motors have a feedback component
  • Stepper motors control movement by energizing specific coils

Lecture 4: Analog to Digital Conversion and Systems

  • Analog systems have continuous signals with infinite possible values and are sensitive to noise
  • Digital systems have discrete signals with finite values (0 or 1) and are less sensitive to noise
  • Signal conversion (analog to digital) introduces inaccuracies, and digital systems are used primarily for processing and representation of the signal for processing and control purposes.
  • Digital systems have a limited resolution, influencing precision and accuracy

Lecture 5: AC/DC Conversion and Electrical Concepts

  • AC (alternating current) systems have a different electrical waveform compared to DC (direct current)
  • Important components (inductive, resistive, capacitive loads) respond differently to alternating current and contribute to different power types (KW, KVAR, KVA).
  • Using proper electrical conversion systems (rectifiers, inverters, AC-DC ) is vital to processing, power, and signal conversion
  • Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) turns analog signals into digital values

Lecture 6: Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC), Sampling and Data Handling

  • ADCs convert analog signals to digital signals by sampling and quantizing at regular intervals
  • Resolution of the ADC (number of bits) and sampling rate determine the accuracy of representation
  • ADCs are sensitive to noise, and more precise and faster versions require greater power consumption
  • Accuracy and performance of ADCs are important in various applications (sensor readings, communication systems, and control)
  • Nyquist rule sets the minimum sampling frequency which must be at least double the frequency of the signal being sampled. Failure to meet this rule introduces aliasing artifacts

Lecture 7: Logic Gates, Parity Checkers

  • Logic gates (AND, OR, XOR, NAND, NOR, XNOR) perform basic logical operations on binary values (0 and 1) using different configurations and truth tables
  • Parity checkers are used for error detection in digital circuits.

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