Control and Coordination in Human Body
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the nervous system?

  • To store information only
  • To regulate involuntary actions only
  • To keep the body informed about changes and regulate actions (correct)
  • To recognize and respond to stimuli only

    • What is the main function of the axon in a neuron?

  • To receive signals
  • To transmit signals (correct)
  • To release neurotransmitters
  • To contain the nucleus

    • What is the term for the reaction to a stimulus?

  • Stimulus
  • Response (correct)
  • Impulse
  • Signal

    • What is the purpose of the myelin sheath?

    <p>To provide insulation to the axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?

    <p>To receive electric signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron called?

    <p>Synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the protective fatty layer that surrounds the axon in some cases?

    <p>Myelin Sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neurotransmitters in signal transmission?

    <p>To transmit information from one neuron to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons transmit information from sense organs to the brain or spinal cord?

    <p>Sensory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gap in the myelin sheath called?

    <p>Node of Ranvier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a bundle of axons from multiple neurons called?

    <p>Nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the electric signal that passes through the neuron?

    <p>Impulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

    <p>To control and coordinate various activities in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for axons surrounded by a myelin sheath?

    <p>Myelinated Axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the thin layer that protects axons?

    <p>Nurilemma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neurons connect sensory and motor neurons?

    <p>Relay neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Control and Coordination

    • Control and Coordination: The body is constantly interacting with the surroundings, and within the body, there is a lot of interaction happening, which is why control and coordination are essential.
    • The nervous system is responsible for keeping the body informed about the changes happening in the surroundings and within the body.
    • Functions of the Nervous System:
      • Keeps the body informed about changes
      • Memorizes and stores information
      • Regulates voluntary and involuntary actions

    Stimulus, Response, and Receptors

    • Stimulus: Any event or change in the external environment that generates a specific reaction within the body.
    • Response: The reaction to a stimulus.
    • Receptors: Specialized cells or structures in the body that recognize and respond to stimuli.

    Nervous System Structure

    • Neurons: The structural and functional units of the nervous system.
    • Parts of a Neuron:
      • Cell Body (Cyton or Soma): Contains a prominent nucleus.
      • Dendrites: Receive electric signals.
      • Axon: A long projection that conducts electric signals.
      • Myelin Sheath: A protective fatty layer that surrounds the axon in some cases.
      • Node of Ranvier: Gaps in the myelin sheath.
      • Axon Terminals: The ends of the axon where signals are transmitted.

    Neuron Interaction

    • Neurons are not directly connected but are closely placed.
    • Signal Transmission:
      • Dendrites receive electric signals.
      • Signals pass through the cyton, axon, and axon terminals.
      • Signals are transmitted to the next neuron through the synapse.

    Important Terms

    • Impulse: A sudden electric signal that passes through the neuron.

    • Signal: A colloquial term for the electric signals transmitted through the neuron.

    • Myelinated Axons: Axons surrounded by a myelin sheath.

    • Nurilemma (Axolemma): A thin layer that protects axons.### Neurons and Signal Transmission

    • A neuron is a single cell that transmits information.

    • The structure of a neuron consists of:

    • Dendrites (receive signals)

    • Cell body (contains nucleus)

    • Axon (transmits signals)

    • Axon terminals (release neurotransmitters)

    Myelin Sheath

    • A myelin sheath is a fatty tissue that provides insulation to the axon.
    • It is composed of fatty tissue and covers the axon.
    • The myelin sheath helps in faster transmission of signals.

    Synapse

    • A synapse is a fine gap between two neurons.
    • It is the gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron.
    • Neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal into the synapse and bind to receptors on the dendrites of the next neuron.

    Neurotransmitters

    • Neurotransmitters are chemicals released from the axon terminal that help transmit information.
    • Examples of neurotransmitters include acetylcholine.
    • Neurotransmitters transmit information from one neuron to another.

    Signal Transmission

    • Electric signals are transmitted through the neuron, but there is a chemical signal at the synapse.
    • The signal is transmitted from the dendrites to the cell body to the axon to the axon terminals.
    • The signal is then released as neurotransmitters into the synapse.

    Types of Neurons

    • Sensory neurons transmit information from sense organs to the brain or spinal cord.
    • Motor neurons transmit information from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands.
    • Relay neurons (or interneurons) connect sensory and motor neurons.

    Nerves and Ganglia

    • A nerve is a bundle of axons from multiple neurons.
    • Ganglia are collections of cell bodies that form a structure.
    • Sensory neurons together make up sensory nerves, and motor neurons together make up motor nerves.

    Central Nervous System (CNS)

    • The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.
    • It is responsible for controlling and coordinating various activities in the body.

    Voluntary and Involuntary Actions

    • Voluntary actions are actions that can be controlled, such as walking or talking.
    • Involuntary actions are actions that cannot be controlled, such as heartbeat or breathing.

    Reflex Action

    • Reflex action is an involuntary and instantaneous reaction to a stimulus.
    • Examples of reflex actions include touching a hot object or a sharp object.
    • Reflex action is different from reflex arc.

    Reflex Arc

    • Reflex arc is the shortest route taken by the electrical signal from the receptor to the effector.
    • It is the path taken by the signal from the receptor to the CNS and then to the effector.
    • The reflex arc involves the receptor, sensory neuron, CNS, relay neuron, and motor neuron.### Reflex Action and Reflex Arc
    • Reflex action: an involuntary and nearly instantaneous response to a stimulus
    • Reflex arc: the path taken by an impulse within the body to carry out the action
      • Includes: receptor, sensory neuron, central nervous system, motor neuron, and effector (muscle or gland)

    Central Nervous System (CNS)

    • Main parts: brain and spinal cord
    • Protected by bony structures (cranium and vertebral column) and meninges (membrane-like structure)
    • Functions:
      • Brain:
        • Controls voluntary actions
        • Processes sensory information
        • Site of intelligence and memory
      • Spinal cord:
        • Relays information between brain and peripheral nervous system
        • Coordinates reflexes

    Brain Structure

    • Divided into three main parts: forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
    • Forebrain:
      • Largest part of the brain (2/3)
      • Includes: cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus
      • Functions: receives and processes sensory information, controls voluntary actions, and regulates body temperature, hunger, and sleep
    • Midbrain:
      • Acts as a relay point for sensory impulses
      • Regulates visual and auditory processing
      • Controls reflexes of the eye
    • Hindbrain:
      • Includes: cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
      • Functions: regulates involuntary actions (breathing, heart rate, blood pressure), controls precision involuntary actions, and coordinates muscular activity

    Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

    • Includes all nerves that come out of the CNS
    • Divided into two main parts: cranial and spinal
    • Cranial nerves: 12 pairs that emerge from the brain
    • Spinal nerves: 31 pairs that emerge from the spinal cord
      • Regulate involuntary functions and transmit impulses between CNS and peripheral organs

    Other Important Facts

    • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): a fluid between the meninges that absorbs shocks, keeps the CNS moist, and supplies food and oxygen
    • Grooves and ridges in the brain: increase the surface area for neurons and axons
    • Cerebrum has two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum for coordinated movement and cognitive functions
    • Hypothalamus regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst
    • Medulla oblongata regulates involuntary actions (heart rate, blood pressure, salivation)

    Control and Coordination

    • Control and coordination are essential for the body to interact with its surroundings and itself.
    • The nervous system is responsible for keeping the body informed about internal and external changes.

    Nervous System Functions

    • Keeps the body informed about changes
    • Memorizes and stores information
    • Regulates voluntary and involuntary actions

    Stimulus, Response, and Receptors

    • A stimulus is an event or change that generates a specific reaction within the body.
    • A response is the reaction to a stimulus.
    • Receptors are specialized cells or structures that recognize and respond to stimuli.

    Nervous System Structure

    Neurons

    • Neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system.
    • A neuron consists of:
      • Cell body (cyton or soma) containing a prominent nucleus
      • Dendrites that receive electric signals
      • Axon that conducts electric signals
      • Myelin sheath (in some cases) that protects the axon
      • Node of Ranvier (gaps in the myelin sheath)
      • Axon terminals where signals are transmitted

    Neuron Interaction

    • Neurons are closely placed but not directly connected.
    • Signal transmission occurs through:
      • Dendrites receiving electric signals
      • Signals passing through the cyton, axon, and axon terminals
      • Signals transmitted to the next neuron through the synapse

    Important Terms

    • An impulse is a sudden electric signal that passes through the neuron.
    • A signal is a colloquial term for the electric signals transmitted through the neuron.
    • Myelinated axons are axons surrounded by a myelin sheath.
    • Nurilemma (axolemma) is a thin layer that protects axons.

    Neurons and Signal Transmission

    • A neuron transmits information through its structure:
      • Dendrites receive signals
      • Cell body contains nucleus
      • Axon transmits signals
      • Axon terminals release neurotransmitters

    Myelin Sheath

    • A myelin sheath is a fatty tissue that provides insulation to the axon.
    • It helps in faster transmission of signals.

    Synapse

    • A synapse is a fine gap between two neurons.
    • Neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal into the synapse and bind to receptors on the dendrites of the next neuron.

    Neurotransmitters

    • Neurotransmitters are chemicals released from the axon terminal that help transmit information.
    • Examples of neurotransmitters include acetylcholine.

    Signal Transmission

    • Electric signals are transmitted through the neuron, but there is a chemical signal at the synapse.
    • The signal is transmitted from the dendrites to the cell body to the axon to the axon terminals.

    Types of Neurons

    • Sensory neurons transmit information from sense organs to the brain or spinal cord.
    • Motor neurons transmit information from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands.
    • Relay neurons (or interneurons) connect sensory and motor neurons.

    Nerves and Ganglia

    • A nerve is a bundle of axons from multiple neurons.
    • Ganglia are collections of cell bodies that form a structure.

    Central Nervous System (CNS)

    • The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.
    • It is responsible for controlling and coordinating various activities in the body.

    Voluntary and Involuntary Actions

    • Voluntary actions are actions that can be controlled, while involuntary actions cannot be controlled.

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    Description

    Understanding the role of the nervous system in controlling and coordinating bodily functions, including keeping the body informed about changes and regulating responses.

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