Contributions of Notable Scientists

A theory suggesting the universe is constantly expanding and creating new matter, without any beginning or an end.

Investigated the links between genes, chromosomes and health, particularly chromosome variations in genetic disorders.

Calculated trajectories for important space missions, including Alan Shepard's, and contributed to Apollo 11 & the US space shuttle programs.

Invented a propulsion system for unmanned spacecraft, contributed to rocket designs, weather satellites, and US moon missions

Explained how the weak force works between subatomic particles, forming a unified theory with electromagnetism

He studied how synapses, the connections between neurons, are involved in memory formation.

He proposed a theory explaining the origin of mass in elementary particles, predicting the existence of the Higgs boson.

He discovered that CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) damage the ozone layer, leading to regulations limiting their use.

He co-discovered the gene mutation responsible for cystic fibrosis, a genetic disorder.

She became the first African American woman to travel to space.

She developed chirped pulse amplification (CPA), a technique for generating intense laser pulses.

She co-discovered the enzyme telomerase, which is involved in maintaining the ends of chromosomes (telomeres).

Telomeres are protective caps at the ends of chromosomes, similar to the plastic tips on shoelaces. They prevent DNA damage and degradation.

A British astrophysicist who proposed the theory of element formation within stars and supported the steady-state theory of the universe.

A cosmological theory suggesting the universe is expanding but remains at a uniform density due to ongoing matter creation.

The prevailing cosmological theory explaining the origin and evolution of the universe from an extremely hot and dense state.

An American mathematician known for calculating trajectories for space missions, including Alan Shepard's first spaceflight and Apollo 11.

The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, a predecessor to NASA, employing Katherine Johnson.

Canadian engineer who invented a propulsion system to keep unmanned spacecraft in stationary orbit and worked on various space technologies.

A Pakistani physicist who proposed the electroweak theory, unifying weak interaction with electromagnetism.

A model unifying the weak force and electromagnetic force, describing their interaction between subatomic particles.

An American astronomer who discovered that stars in galactic outer regions orbit as fast as those near the center, leading to the concept of dark matter.

A hypothetical form of matter that interacts weakly with visible matter and cannot be observed directly.

A Nobel Prize-winning neurobiologist whose research on the cellular basis of behavior focused on synapses and their role in memory.

A Mexican chemist who, with Rowland, showed that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) deplete the ozone layer.

A Chinese-Canadian medical geneticist who discovered the gene responsible for cystic fibrosis, a genetic condition affecting mucus production and causing lung issues.

The first African American woman in space, who flew on the space shuttle Endeavour.

A Canadian physicist co-inventor of chirped pulse amplification (CPA), a technique creating intense laser pulses.

A molecular biologist who researched telomeres, the protective DNA ends of chromosomes, earning her a Nobel Prize.