MA 2 difficile aperto
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Questions and Answers

What is the formula for calculating the predetermined overhead rate for a department based on machine-hours?

Predetermined overhead rate = Estimated total manufacturing overhead cost / Estimated total machine-hours

What is the formula for calculating the predetermined overhead rate for a department based on direct labor-hours?

Predetermined overhead rate = Estimated total manufacturing overhead cost / Estimated total direct labor-hours

How is the amount of overhead applied from both departments to a job calculated?

Overhead applied from both departments to a job = Predetermined overhead rate for each department × Actual machine-hours or direct labor-hours used on the job

What is the formula for calculating the total job cost for a specific job?

<p>Total job cost = Direct materials cost + Direct labor cost + Applied overhead cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to accurately assign manufacturing costs to jobs in job-order costing systems?

<p>Accurately assigning manufacturing costs to jobs is important because it influences planning and decisions made by managers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for cost-plus pricing when using a markup percentage of 75% of total manufacturing cost?

<p>Selling price = Total manufacturing cost × (1 + Markup percentage)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the formula method for computing the number of units needed to attain a target profit.

<p>The formula method uses the equation $Q = \frac{Target\ Profit + Fixed\ Costs},{Contribution\ Margin\ per\ Unit}$ to determine the number of units that must be sold to earn a target profit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the margin of safety and how can it be expressed?

<p>The margin of safety is the excess of budgeted or actual sales dollars over the break-even volume of sales dollars. It can be expressed as a percentage of sales or in terms of the number of units sold.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cost structure and why is it important?

<p>Cost structure refers to the relative proportion of fixed and variable costs in an organization. It is important because it impacts the company's profitability and risk exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does operating leverage measure and how is it useful?

<p>Operating leverage measures how sensitive net operating income is to percentage changes in sales. It is useful for predicting changes in net operating income.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can structuring sales commissions based on contribution margin lead to higher profits?

<p>Structuring sales commissions based on contribution margin can eliminate conflicts and lead to higher profits by incentivizing sales representatives to focus on selling the most profitable products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the sales mix affect break-even analysis?

<p>The sales mix, or the relative proportion in which a company's products are sold, affects the break-even point and contribution margin because different products have different cost structures and contribution margins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for the profit RBC earns if it sells 401 bikes?

<p>The equation for the profit RBC earns if it sells 401 bikes is $200.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the simple profit equation be expressed in terms of the unit contribution margin?

<p>The simple profit equation can be expressed in terms of the unit contribution margin (Unit CM) as: Profit = (Unit CM * Q) - Fixed Costs, where Q is the quantity of units sold.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a CVP graph used to represent?

<p>A CVP graph is used to represent the relationships among revenue, cost, profit, and volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the horizontal (X) axis represent in a CVP graph?

<p>In a CVP graph, the horizontal (X) axis represents unit volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are total fixed expenses represented in a CVP graph?

<p>Total fixed expenses are represented by drawing a line parallel to the volume axis in a CVP graph.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to prepare the CVP graph?

<p>The formula to prepare the CVP graph involves representing unit volume on the horizontal (X) axis and dollars on the vertical (Y) axis, and drawing a line parallel to the volume axis to represent total fixed expenses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the purpose of using predetermined overhead rates in job-order costing systems.

<p>Predetermined overhead rates are used to apply overhead to jobs before the period begins, based on estimated data. This allows for the estimation of job costs and the ability to track and assign manufacturing overhead to individual jobs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the four-step process for computing the predetermined overhead rate.

<p>The four-step process for computing the predetermined overhead rate involves estimating the total fixed and variable manufacturing overhead costs, selecting an allocation base, estimating the level of activity for the allocation base, and then computing the predetermined overhead rate by dividing the total estimated overhead costs by the estimated level of activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential advantages of using predetermined overhead rates in job-order costing?

<p>Using predetermined overhead rates allows for the estimation of job costs before the period begins, provides a consistent basis for applying overhead to jobs, and helps in avoiding the delay of job cost information until the end of the period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of an allocation base in job-order costing and give examples of possible allocation bases.

<p>An allocation base is a cost driver that causes overhead, used to assign manufacturing overhead to individual jobs. Examples of allocation bases include direct labor hours, machine hours, or other measures of activity that are related to the incurring of manufacturing overhead costs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is manufacturing overhead allocated to individual jobs in a job-order costing system?

<p>Manufacturing overhead is allocated to individual jobs by multiplying the predetermined overhead rate by the actual level of the allocation base incurred by each job.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are actual overhead costs often not used for assigning costs to individual jobs in job-order costing?

<p>Actual overhead costs may not be known until the end of the period, making it difficult to estimate job costs and inhibiting the ability to track and assign manufacturing overhead to individual jobs accurately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of contribution margin and its significance in business decision-making.

<p>Contribution margin is the amount remaining from sales revenue after variable expenses have been deducted. It is used to cover fixed expenses and contribute to the profit. The contribution margin ratio is calculated as contribution margin per unit divided by the selling price per unit. It is an important measure for determining the profitability of individual products and making decisions regarding pricing, sales volume, and cost management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the contribution margin ratio and its relationship to sales volume.

<p>The contribution margin ratio is calculated as contribution margin per unit divided by selling price per unit. It represents the portion of sales revenue that contributes to covering fixed expenses and profit. As sales volume increases, the contribution margin also increases, leading to higher overall profits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of variable expense ratio and its relevance in cost analysis.

<p>The variable expense ratio is calculated as variable expenses divided by sales. It measures the proportion of sales revenue that is consumed by variable expenses. This ratio is important for analyzing cost structures and understanding the impact of variable expenses on profitability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the applications of contribution ratio in decision-making, with specific examples.

<p>The contribution margin ratio is used to assess the impact of changes in sales volume, pricing, and cost structure on net operating income. For example, increasing sales volume can lead to a higher contribution margin and net income, while adjusting pricing or cost structure can also influence profitability. The ratio helps in evaluating different scenarios and making informed business decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the break-even analysis and the methods used to calculate the break-even point.

<p>Break-even analysis is a technique used to determine the level of sales at which total revenues equal total costs, resulting in a net income of zero. The break-even point can be calculated using the contribution margin formula or the equation method. The formula method provides a shortcut version of the equation method, and both approaches are used to assess the profitability of business operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the significance of dollar sales at break-even and the implications for financial planning.

<p>Dollar sales at break-even represent the level of sales revenue required to cover all costs and achieve a net income of zero. Understanding the dollar sales at break-even is crucial for financial planning, budgeting, and setting sales targets. It helps businesses determine the minimum revenue needed to sustain operations and make informed decisions about pricing, expenses, and profitability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Contribution Margin and Break-Even Analysis

  • Contribution margin graph: plot total expenses and total sales at a chosen sales volume, draw lines to fixed expenses and the point of origin
  • Contribution margin ratio (CM ratio): calculated as contribution margin per unit divided by selling price per unit
  • Variable expense ratio: calculated as variable expenses divided by sales
  • Applications of contribution ratio: increase in sales volume will increase contribution margin
  • Example 1: Increasing unit sales by 40 units with a $10,000 increase in advertising budget decreased net operating income by $2,000
  • Example 2: Increase in unit sales from 500 to 580 with a $10 increase in variable costs per unit resulted in a $10,200 increase in net operating income
  • Example 3: Sales increased by $62,000, fixed costs increased by $15,000, and net operating income increased by $2,000 after reducing selling price and increasing advertising budget
  • Example 4: Switching from fixed salaries to sales commission resulted in a $12,375 increase in net operating income after increasing unit sales
  • Example 5: To increase monthly profits by $3,000, RBC should quote a price of $320 per bike to sell 150 bikes to a wholesaler
  • Break-even analysis: unit sales at break-even calculated using contribution margin formula and equation method
  • Formula method: a shortcut version of the equation method, each unit sold contributes towards covering fixed expenses
  • Dollar sales at break-even: computed using both the equation and formula methods

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Description

Test your knowledge of contribution margin and break-even analysis with this quiz. Explore concepts such as contribution margin graph, CM ratio, variable expense ratio, and applications of contribution ratio through practical examples. Also, delve into break-even analysis, including unit sales and dollar sales at break-even using formula and equation methods.

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