Contracts Act 1950: Capacity to Contract

<p>Void ab initio (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lease agreements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Void ab initio (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marriage contracts (A), Employment contracts (B), Scholarship contracts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Termination can occur without notice upon indemnity payment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Section 65 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They must return it or make compensation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minors may be required to make payment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children and Young Persons Employment Act (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Remedies for services rendered (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Under 15 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scholarship agreements are fully enforceable regardless of the scholar's age. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>18 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Working in bars under any circumstance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are competent to enter into contracts of service. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Light work in family undertakings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minors can claim payments under certain conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obtain approval from the Director-General. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scholarship agreements are automatically void for minors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may work in hotels if their guardian manages it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They must be capable of understanding the contract at the time it is made. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marriage contracts are valid regardless of the age of majority. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is void ab initio unless followed by marriage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A contract that is considered void from the beginning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Either party is under the age of eighteen at the date of marriage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The contract is void and cannot be enforced. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If the supplies suit the condition in life of the incompetent person. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All parties must be legally competent to contract. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repayment of the purchase price upon vacating the lands. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The contract is deemed invalid from the very start. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Payment of a sum equal to the wages for the notice period (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Return or compensate for the advantage received (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In cases of marriage contracts (A), If the contract involves a scholarship (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The contract is considered null from the beginning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To perform equitable relief to both parties as needed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A relationship requiring mutual trust and confidence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seek damages only for lost wages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct them to make payment for the benefits received (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The condition and life circumstances of the minor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chapple v Cooper (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The specific lifestyle of the minor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The doctrine of estoppel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It determines the type and quality of necessities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The family's financial status (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minor’s societal position is a factor in determining necessaries. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The contract remains valid if the other party relied on the lie. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The agreement is void but claims for payment can still be made. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may not work in any hospitality establishments unless managed by a parent or guardian. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Any person who has not completed their fifteenth year of age. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are competent to enter into a contract of service under this Act. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children cannot perform any work in public entertainment venues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Employment in food services. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may not recover damages under any circumstances. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Working at unsafe construction sites. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It establishes exceptions to invalidate scholarships solely for minors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Employment in hazardous industries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They prevent ambiguity in the court's enforcement orders. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It mandates that parties must either perform or offer to perform. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It cannot alter or modify the terms of the original offer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An acceptance that is subject to new conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The offer must have specific terms regarding object identity and conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An offer must be clear and specific to initiate a contract. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Equity enforces contracts with definite and precise obligations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To avoid unjust outcomes and misinterpretations in enforcement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An agent representing Ngan to local authorities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A person employed to do any act for another or represent another (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He must act according to the custom if no instructions are provided (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To pay Wang a commission or remuneration unless the relationship is gratuitous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The party hiring the agent to act on their behalf (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ownership of chemical and fertilizer products (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The commitment to enter a legally binding agreement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is strictly regulated by the federal constitution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The original offer is rejected. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It must be expressly agreed upon by both parties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The contract is voidable by the party lacking capacity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutual assent or a 'meeting of the minds'. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One party uses their position to leverage a favorable contract. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The contract may become voidable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It need not have a particular monetary value. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It establishes who has the capacity to contract. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It cannot be influenced by coercion or undue pressure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capacity involves being of legal age and sound mind. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If it involves illegal activities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parties must understand and agree to all essential terms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It implies agreement on the terms by all parties involved. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consent obtained under coercion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When damages are not an adequate remedy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preventive Relief (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of salary and income (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The contract was terminated before breach (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Section 24 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The difference between contracted and market prices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If it is based on illegal activities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Performance of work outside the contract scope (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of written evidence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RM13 million (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If it cannot compel someone to do what is ordered (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tasks where the results are defined with certainty (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discusses the concept of acceptance of non-performance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wang failed to perform as per the agreement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Partners equally share losses regardless of capital input. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The contract becomes void. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All partners are entitled to take part in the management. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Partners are not entitled to remuneration for partnership work. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The partnership is jointly liable for acts of any partner. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A unanimous agreement from all existing partners. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The partner must account for any benefits derived. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wang's duty performance directly affects the contract's validity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The agreement between the partners. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The firm must indemnify partners for personal liabilities incurred. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Partners cannot operate a competing business in the same industry. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discharge by impossibility clause. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>For corruption if the project approval benefits the partnership. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The terms and conditions must be clear and certain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Damages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The contract becomes voidable at the option of the promisee. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Section 74 of the Contract Act (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss directly resulting from the breach (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Put an end to the contract. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Injunction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Section 56 of the Contract Act (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The promisee cannot claim for losses incurred. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To put the injured party in the position they would have been in had there been no breach. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nominal damages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specific performance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Injunction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The contract automatically terminates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Time of essence clause (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first defendant was an infant at the time of entering the contract. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first defendant had served part of the contractual period. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repayment for educational expenses incurred as necessaries. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$11,500 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Training costs being considered as essential for the infant's education. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liquidated damages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ab initio principle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The claim was settled on a compromise. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>According to completed months of service (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proportion of service completed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each party should pay its own costs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Government of Malaysia v Thelma Fernandez (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Duration of service (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Admission to a training institution through selection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher education is now recognized as essential for employment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It supports the idea that old arguments in law can become irrelevant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contingent upon the circumstances of the infant's life. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The infant personally upon reaching majority. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The perspective on education's necessity has expanded with time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They apply only to material goods in contracts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Walter v. Everard. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher education as a vital component for all employment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher education was viewed as an unnecessary luxury. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The overall societal need for additional teachers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The needs and life circumstances of the infant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It establishes grounds for infants to claim education costs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A guarantee contract requires a valid obligation from the principal debtor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Education is treated uniquely under local jurisdictions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sureties are not bound if the principal debtor is a minor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liability is always co-extensive with the principal debtor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Certain English cases did not align with the Indian context. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coutts &amp; Co v Browne-Lecky &amp; Ors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obligations in indemnity contracts are primary for the indemnifier. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The surety cannot be forced to fulfill obligations without the principal's debt. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was found to reflect erroneous application of law. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surety liability only exists if the principal debtor is liable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The conflicts in judicial decisions necessitated its referral. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minors cannot be held liable in guarantee contracts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The surety's obligation exists only if the principal's obligation is valid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surety's obligations mirror those of the principal debtor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is void and not enforceable in any circumstances. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sureties are liable only if the principal debtor is liable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Items considered essential for personal comfort. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is not enforceable if classified as a penalty clause. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$2,683. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The obligation arises re and not consensu. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liability arises only for necessaries and not for general contracts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It mandates reasonable payment for necessaries supplied. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To grant or deny compensation based on equity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A training agreement contingent on public service. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first defendant was a minor and therefore could not be contracted. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All parties must be of legal age. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It should cater to the infant's condition in life. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their contract becomes enforceable against them. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To pay for a college education if the child showed aptitude. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The increased expense voided the contract based on necessaries. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Certain contracts can be enforceable despite being void. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Education may not be deemed necessary if alternatives exist. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Training for a profession is excluded from necessaries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The condition of the infant's life. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Roberts v. Gray (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Country needs can shape the understanding of what constitutes necessaries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Whether supplies are necessary depends on the evidence presented. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Necessaries have a broader interpretation based on individual circumstances. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evidence of the infant's condition of life. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Luxury items cannot be deemed necessaries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can be enforced only under specific conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To formally reject the promise to marry the 1st plaintiff (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A dowry of $3,000 and $5,000 for breach of custom (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gold sovereign (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Damages for breach of promise of marriage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess the suitability of the bride (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Return of presents on the basis of conditional gifts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exchange of gifts and presentation procedures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Legal proceedings were initiated for damages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential for an adjournment and disadvantageous costs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chief Clerk of the Sessions Court Registry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From a mutual acquaintance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use of a go-between or mediator (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A sari and material for a blouse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Between 5 p.m. and 7 p.m. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A provisional agreement to pursue marriage was reached (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The third defendant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Public Health Inspector (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The circumstances surrounding the visit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eldest daughter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two sisters and an astrologer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The details of the written agreement for marriage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From September to February (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$30,000 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$3,000 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first plaintiff did not wear the sari he gifted her. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Revenge against his parents for the betrothal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He would leave her the day after the ceremony. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>She dressed to please herself, not him. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calm, moderate, yet threatening. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A kinsman involved in the accusations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Completely unaware of his feelings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regret over the engagement and threats to back out. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The amount of dowry offered. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It likely never happened. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An engagement gift expectation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>She was in love with someone else. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Legislation deems such contracts void. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can be binding if made by a natural guardian. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Such contracts cannot be ratified by the minor upon reaching majority. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No remedy is available for a breach of marriage contract by a minor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minors have the right to sue for breach while adults do not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minors can choose to affirm or void the contract upon reaching majority. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parental authority is considered sufficient for binding agreements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is considered immaterial to the overall contract validity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The court can grant partial relief based on the specific circumstances. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contracts made by a guardian can bind the minor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Any financial consideration for marriage is condemned. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In India, parents may initiate legal action on behalf of minors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No legal recourse will be available for the minor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A minor cannot legally consent to marriage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They knowingly forced their son into a betrothal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may not reflect his true feelings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a customary requirement of the marriage process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Her contract is void due to being underage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Certain items are required to finalize the proposal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He promised to marry and later repudiated without lawful cause. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates the contract's moral standing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is irrelevant to the claim. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It renders the contract void if under 21. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was irrelevant to the case against the defendants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Section 10(1) of the Contracts (Malay States) Ordinance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were not necessary for betrothal proceedings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One party failed to fulfil their promise without cause. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The timing of Gopalnathan's visit to the second plaintiff's house. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A conversation that led to the engagement being broken off. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He instructed his solicitors to claim damages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They approved of the first plaintiff as a suitable bride. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The discussions about the dowry on October 19th. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>She was primarily involved in negotiating the dowry. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He filed a lawsuit for breach of promise. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggested premature commitment was being rushed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>She denied its occurrence entirely. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was an effort by the family to finalize marriage details before any commitments were made. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A refusal to acknowledge any previous engagement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It raised questions about the sincerity of engagement arrangements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To recover damages for breach of promise. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conflicting testimonies regarding familial approvals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contains all the terms of the contract as stated in the Evidence Ordinance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He attempted to repudiate the contract. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He broke the contract, entitling the first plaintiff to recover damages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They indicated unwillingness to marry without conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The defendant's financial stability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may include punitive damages for the defendant's conduct. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$1,500. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The contract was still in force despite her unwillingness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He treated the plaintiff's feelings with disregard. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They need to be unconditional and specific. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They serve to punish the defendant for inconsiderate behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to the breach of the contract. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was seen as unconvincing and disrespectful. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It must be specific and unconditional. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person is capable of entering into a legally binding agreement.

The legal age at which a person can enter into contracts.

Having the mental capacity to understand a contract's terms and its effects on your interests.

A contract that is invalid from the start, as if it never existed.

Certain types of agreements made by minors (those below the legal age)—such as marriage, scholarship, and employment contracts—are considered valid.

One party can end a contract of service immediately without notice by paying the other party a sum equal to the wages they would have earned during the notice period or the unexpired term.

Both parties in a contract of service can immediately terminate the contract without notice if the other party wilfully breaches a condition of the contract.

Contracts entered into by minors (those below the age of majority) are generally void ab initio (invalid from the beginning).

Contracts for marriage, scholarships, and employment are exceptions to the general rule that contracts with minors are void. These contracts can be valid.

Even though a contract with a minor is void ab initio, the minor may still be able to claim certain remedies or compensation.

The court has the power to order a minor to make compensation to the other party in a void contract, if justice requires it.

A fiduciary relationship is required for the court to order a minor to make compensation in a void contract.

When a contract is void, anyone who received benefits under the agreement must return those benefits or compensate the party who provided them.

This amendment allows scholarship agreements with minors to be valid, even though minors typically can't enter contracts.

Before the amendment, agreements signed by minors for scholarships were invalid. Now, they are valid.

Despite this amendment, minors' legal capacity to enter into contracts is still generally restricted.

Minors can still claim payment for scholarship agreements under S.69, even if the contract itself isn't legally binding.

This act defines 'child' and 'young person' for employment purposes, setting age limits for work.

A person under 15 years old.

Someone between 15 and 18 years old.

Allowed work for children includes family business, entertainment, government-approved programs, or apprenticeships.

Young persons can work in more areas, like domestic services, offices, factories, or on vessels with a parent/guardian.

Female young persons can only work in hotels, bars, etc., if they're managed by parents/guardians, or with DG approval.

A contract entered into by a person who is not of the age of majority is considered void from the beginning, as if it never existed.

Marriage, scholarship, and employment contracts are among the exceptions to the rule that contracts with minors are void.

The law acknowledges the need to protect minors from entering into disadvantageous contracts, but also recognizes the need for flexibility in certain situations.

The amendment in 1976 made scholarship agreements with minors valid, even if they're under the age of majority.

This act gives young people the right to enter into employment contracts, but they can't be held legally responsible for breaking them in terms of damages or fines.

A person is not legally responsible for breaking an employment contract if they are under 18.

The court can decide to make a minor pay for benefits they received from a void contract if it seems fair and the contract involved a trusting relationship.

A person who is legally incapable of entering into contracts due to factors like being a minor, having a mental illness, or being intoxicated.

Items necessary for a person's survival, such as food, clothing, and shelter.

A type of contract where one party is required to act in the best interest of the other party, often due to a special relationship of trust.

Even though a contract is void, a minor may still be asked to make compensation to the other party if it's deemed fair and just by the court.

Even though a contract with a minor is void from the start, the minor might still be able to get something back from the other party, like compensation for any benefit they provided, or a return of anything they gave.

When a contract is deemed void, any person who received a benefit under that contract is obligated to return it to the person who provided it or compensate them accordingly. For instance, if a minor received a scholarship but the contract is later declared void, they may have to return the scholarship money.

The court has the authority to decide whether a minor who was involved in a void contract should be required to make a payment to the other party, based on fairness and the specific circumstances of the case. This is often done in a fiduciary relationship as the court may consider the minor's actions as unjust.

When an agreement is discovered to be void, or when a contract becomes void, anyone who gained an advantage under it is obliged to return that benefit or compensate the person who provided it.

A party to a contract of service (like an employment contract) can end the contract without notice by paying the other party an amount equal to the wages they would have earned during the notice period. This is an option in cases where immediate termination is needed.

Both parties in a service contract can immediately terminate the contract without notice if the other party intentionally breaks a key condition of the contract. This is a way to address serious breaches of agreement.

The concept of 'necessaries' in contracts with minors depends on the individual minor's needs and circumstances.

A minor's rank, potential role in society, and health all influence what's considered a 'necessary' item or service.

When someone knowingly lies about their age, they can't later claim they were a minor to avoid a contract.

If someone made someone believe a statement was true and acted upon it, the first person can't later deny the truth.

If a minor enters a contract and benefits from it, they may have to return those benefits or compensate the other party.

The court may order a minor to compensate the other party in a void contract, but only if there's a fiduciary relationship between them.

Scholarship contracts signed by minors are now valid, but the general legal capacity of minors to contract is still limited.

Even if a scholarship contract with a minor isn't legally binding, they can still claim payment under S.69.

A legally binding agreement where parties promise to do or not do something, supported by consideration (something of value exchanged).

The explicit statement or act which starts the contract process. It must be clear, definite, and specify what is being offered, under what terms.

The acceptance of an offer by the other party creates a contract. It cannot be withdrawn, changed, or added to, as this creates a counter-offer.

The parties must fulfill their promises exactly as agreed, according to the terms of the contract.

Certain contracts with minors (like marriage, scholarships, and employment) are legally valid despite their age.

Even if a contract is void due to a minor's involvement, the court may order the minor to compensate the other party if it's considered fair and just, especially in a fiduciary relationship.

A person employed to act on behalf of another, dealing with third parties.

The person for whom an agent acts, receiving the benefits of the agent's actions.

An agreement governed by the Contract Act 1950, section 135, where one party (the agent) acts on behalf of another (the principal).

An agent must follow the instructions given by the principal.

If no instructions are given, an agent must act according to the customary practices in the relevant field.

The principal is obligated to pay the agent for their services, unless the agreement is gratuitous.

A legal principle that parties must intend to create a legally binding agreement for it to be enforceable.

The Malaysian court system is influenced by the English legal system, but also incorporates elements of Islamic law and separate High Courts for different regions.

A counter-offer is a rejection of the original offer, but the original offeror can accept it and create a binding agreement.

A contract requires both parties to agree on all the essential terms of the agreement.

Something of value exchanged between parties in a contract. It can be money, a promise, an action, or a forbearance.

To make a valid contract, each party must have the legal capacity to enter into agreements. This usually means being of age and having a sound mind.

A contract is voidable if the consent of one party was not freely given due to factors like coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation, or mistake.

The agreement between Wang and Ngan is presumed to be binding as it's a business agreement with no exclusion clause suggesting otherwise.

A person is considered to be of sound mind if they can understand the contract they're signing and its potential consequences.

Contracts that are illegal or against public policy are not enforceable. Examples include contracts related to gambling or criminal activities.

Consent given under duress, undue influence, or fraud is not considered free and therefore may invalidate a contract.

A threat of violence or harm to force someone into a contract.

One party unfairly taking advantage of their position of power over another to get an unfair advantage.

Deliberately making false statements to deceive someone into entering a contract.

A untrue statement made by one party to induce another party to enter into a contract.

A mistake about a key fact or law that can affect the validity of a contract.

A court order requiring a person to fulfill a specific part of a contract, usually when damages are not enough.

A court order preventing someone from doing something that would break a contract or cause harm.

Legal remedies where actions are made legal even without an actual contract, often used when parties acted in good faith but a contract isn't valid.

Damages awarded based on the estimated losses directly arising from a contract breach.

Damages awarded for specific, provable losses caused by a contract breach, beyond the direct consequences.

Damages awarded for lost profits that were reasonably expected from a contract.

Damages awarded for expenses reasonably incurred due to a contract breach.

A contract that is not legally enforceable from the start.

A contract deemed illegal and unenforceable due to its immoral or socially harmful nature.

A contract deemed illegal and unenforceable because its purpose is considered immoral.

A contract that is legally enforceable as long as it meets certain requirements and does not violate the law or public policy.

A way to end a contract by both parties agreeing to release each other from their obligations.