Contract Law: Agreement and Intention
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Questions and Answers

Under what circumstance can the postal rule be excluded?

  • When the offer is made verbally
  • When acceptance is communicated
  • When the offer is not known
  • When the parties intend acceptance to be effective upon receipt (correct)

    • Electronic communications are always considered received at the time they are sent.

    False

    What must you know about an offer before you can accept it?

    You must know about the offer itself.

    The __________ rule can be excluded by circumstances that indicate the parties intended acceptance to be effective when communicated.

    <p>postal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following case names with their relevant concepts:

    <p>Grant (1879) = Postal Rule Holwell Securities v Hughes = Exclusion of Postal Rule R v Clarke = Knowledge of Offer Brinkibon Ltd v Stahag Stahl (1983) = Electronic Communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main requirements for a binding contract?

    <p>Agreement, consideration, and intention for legal consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An invitation to treat is considered a binding offer.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between an offer and an invitation to treat?

    <p>An offer is a promise to be bound by specific terms, while an invitation to treat invites negotiations without binding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The case ________ (1953) illustrates the concept of an invitation to treat.

    <p>Pharmaceutical Societies of Great Britain v. Boots Cash Chemist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the legal concepts with their correct definitions:

    <p>Binding Contract = Requires an agreement, consideration, and legal intention Offer = Promise to be bound by specific terms Invitation to Treat = Invites negotiations without a binding commitment Acceptance = Agreement to the terms of an offer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the intention in contracts?

    <p>Intention may be assessed by the parties or by courts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In contract law, consideration is not necessary for a binding agreement.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define 'consideration' in the context of contract law.

    <p>Consideration refers to something of value that is exchanged between parties in a contract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for agreements to be legally enforceable?

    <p>Intention to create legal relations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oral agreements cannot be enforceable in a court of law.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What presumption applies to domestic agreements regarding intention to create legal relations?

    <p>Presumption of no intention to create legal relations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In commercial agreements, there is a strong presumption of __________ intention to create legal relations.

    <p>intended</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cases with their relevant categories regarding intention to create legal relations:

    <p>Belfour v. Belfour = Domestic Agreements Merit v. Merit = Domestic Agreements Edwards v. Skyways = Commercial Agreements Esso Petroleum v. Commissioners of Customs and Excise = Commercial Agreements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a rebuttable presumption?

    <p>A situation where evidence is accepted as true until proven otherwise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Formal written agreements are the only way to establish intention to create legal relations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinction do courts make when considering intention to create legal relations?

    <p>Between domestic and commercial contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which case presumed no intention to create legal relations between a husband and wife?

    <p>Belfour v. Belfour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Merit v. Merit, the agreement regarding mortgage repayment was intended to be legally binding.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be provided to rebut the presumption that commercial agreements create legal relations?

    <p>Clear evidence to the contrary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The airline's ex gratia redundancy payment to a pilot in Edwards v. Skyways was held to be __________.

    <p>enforceable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cases with their key characteristics:

    <p>Belfour v. Belfour = Presumed no intention to create legal relations between spouses Merit v. Merit = Legal binding mortgage agreement between a husband and wife Edwards v. Skyways = Enforceability of redundancy payment in commercial context Rose and Frank Co. v. Crompton Bros. = Commercial agreement with clear intention to create legal relations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of Rose and Frank Co. v. Crompton Bros.?

    <p>It was a commercial agreement containing clear intent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a commercial agreement, a presumption exists that the parties intend to create legal relations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of agreement was examined in Merit v. Merit?

    <p>Mortgage repayment agreement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a way an offer can be terminated?

    <p>Acceptance by the offeree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An offered can be revoked once it has been accepted.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the case that illustrates revocation of an offer.

    <p>Routledge v. Grant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Revocation of an offer must be effectively communicated to the ______.

    <p>offeree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what condition does an offer become irrevocable?

    <p>When consideration is provided for an option</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Revocation = Withdraw an offer before acceptance Rejection = Refusal by the offeree to accept the offer Lapse of time = Termination of an offer after a specified period Irrevocable = Cannot be withdrawn once accepted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An option to keep an offer open can lead to the offer becoming irrevocable.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must happen for revocation to be valid?

    <p>It must be effectively communicated to the offeree.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is a sale by auction considered complete?

    <p>When the hammer falls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In auctions, all bids placed before the hammer falls are considered binding contracts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the auctioneer play in an auction?

    <p>Agent for the owner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an auction with a reserve price, the auctioneer may not accept any bids that are below the ______.

    <p>reserve price</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Section 57(3) of the Sale of Goods Act refer to in the context of auctions?

    <p>Reserve price</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Barry v. Davies is a relevant case law for understanding auction principles.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in an auction if the reserve price is not met?

    <p>The item may not be sold.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the auction concepts with their correct definitions:

    <p>Auctioneer = Acts as an agent for the owner Reserve Price = Minimum price the auctioneer may accept Hammer Fall = Completion of the auction Bids = Offers that can be withdrawn before the hammer falls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for a provisional agreement to operate until a full agreement is formalized?

    <p>The parties must be in agreement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation is communication of acceptance not necessary?

    <p>In the case of a unilateral contract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about an offeror's ability to impose acceptance through silence?

    <p>An offeror cannot impose acceptance by requiring silence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co significant in contract law?

    <p>It accepted the idea of unilateral contracts where performance constitutes acceptance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can an offeror communicate that acceptance is not required?

    <p>By making a unilateral offer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ruling in Dickinson v Dodds illustrate about withdrawal of offers?

    <p>Third parties can relay withdrawal of an offer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario exemplifies an act of acceptance in a unilateral contract?

    <p>Starting to perform the specified act.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is irrelevant when determining if a contract exists after a provisional agreement?

    <p>Whether the agreement is in writing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does introducing a new provision by the offeree have on the original offer?

    <p>It constitutes a counter offer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a request for information do to the original offer?

    <p>It leaves the original offer valid for acceptance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the postal rule apply to an acceptance?

    <p>When the letter of acceptance is properly posted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what circumstance can silence be considered as acceptance?

    <p>When the offeree communicates acceptance through conduct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for the postal rule to be effective?

    <p>The offer must not specify an alternative method of communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a unilateral contract, how is acceptance typically communicated?

    <p>By the offeree’s conduct indicating acceptance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which case was it established that silence typically does not constitute acceptance?

    <p>Felthouse v Bindley</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if an acceptance via email is received but not read until the next day?

    <p>It may depend on the specifics of the case.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what circumstance can an acceptance still be valid despite being lost in transit?

    <p>The letter has been properly posted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true regarding the postal rule in contract law?

    <p>It applies even if the acceptance is delayed in the post.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must a party demonstrate to create a legally binding contract?

    <p>Their intention to make it legally enforceable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding acceptance is false?

    <p>An attempt to introduce new terms constitutes acceptance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario illustrates that an offeree's motive for acceptance is irrelevant?

    <p>An offeree accepts an offer to gain financial benefit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best definition of a counter-offer?

    <p>An acceptance that introduces new terms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situation might an agreement not be considered legally binding?

    <p>If the parties do not intend to create legal relations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which case example best represents the exclusion of the postal rule through circumstances?

    <p>Holwell Securities v Hughes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does a postal acceptance become valid if the postal rule is excluded?

    <p>When the acceptance is received by the offeror</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phrase in an offer may imply the exclusion of the postal rule?

    <p>I need to know your decision by Friday</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for an acceptance by post to be considered effective?

    <p>It must arrive before the deadline stated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might imply that the postal rule does not apply, regarding how an offeror wants an acceptance communicated?

    <p>Requesting a prompt reply with a specific deadline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what condition might retraction of a postal acceptance be permissible?

    <p>If the acceptance is retracted before being received</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must an offeror do to ensure the postal rule applies to an acceptance?

    <p>Clearly state acceptance can be via post</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key element limits the postal rule's application as discussed?

    <p>Acceptance must reach the offeror</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might the offer's wording imply an exclusion of the postal rule?

    <p>It requests a prompt and definite answer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the basis for the court's decision to hold the council liable to the Aero Club?

    <p>The invitation had a clear procedure suggesting consideration of conforming tenders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect was highlighted by the court in the Blackpool & Fylde Aero Club case that might influence future decisions on tender offers?

    <p>The clarity of the invitation procedure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the implied promise in the tender acceptance suggest regarding the submitted tenders?

    <p>Conforming tenders should at least be considered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the decision in the Blackpool & Fylde Aero Club case considered controversial?

    <p>It lacked a clear rationale for the implied promise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What circumstance led the Aero Club to expect their tender would be considered?

    <p>They complied with the established tender submission process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What legal principle underlies the concept of an implied unilateral contract in the context of tender submissions?

    <p>The right to damages for non-consideration of the tender.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key factor might have influenced the Aero Club's argument for their tender's consideration?

    <p>They had previously held a concession with the council.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which question remains unclear about the court's decision in the Blackpool & Fylde Aero Club case?

    <p>What specific factors lead to the implied offer being recognized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the court consider regarding the timing of notice of revocation sent to a business?

    <p>It is effective as soon as it arrives during normal office hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which case is it established that revocation can be communicated through a reliable third party?

    <p>Dickinson v Dodds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for a notice of revocation to be considered effective?

    <p>It must reach the offeree in a manner that ensures receipt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the concept of 'normal business-like manner' play in communication of notices?

    <p>It influences the expectations regarding notice receipt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the court's decision in The Brimnes, when is a notice considered communicated?

    <p>When it arrives at the recipient's address.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is key to the reliability of a third party in communicating revocation?

    <p>They must be perceived as reliable by the offeree.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the court view the offeree's failure to notice a revocation?

    <p>As implying a lack of due diligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be considered regarding the context of communication for revocation?

    <p>Reasonableness of the context and situation as a whole is key.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must have been understood by the parties in Lampleigh v Brathwait for the promise to be enforceable?

    <p>The act was to be rewarded in some way.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of Re Casey’s Patents, what did the court determine about Casey's entitlement to payment?

    <p>Casey was entitled to the agreed sum based on reasonable expectation of reward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is generally true about past consideration in contract law as illustrated by Roscorla v Thomas?

    <p>Past acts will not normally suffice for later promises.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What legal requirement must be satisfied for a promise to be enforceable, as highlighted in the concepts discussed?

    <p>The benefit conferred must be legally enforceable if promised in advance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the case of Lampleigh v Brathwait illustrate about the concept of consideration in contractual promises?

    <p>An action performed at the request of another can lead to an enforceable promise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What legal concept is relevant when a subcontractor secures an agreement by taking unfair advantage of a contractor's difficulties?

    <p>Economic duress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what condition can a promise for additional payment become legally binding?

    <p>If benefits are obtained without economic duress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following must occur before the additional payment becomes consideration for the contractor's promise?

    <p>The contractor must have doubts about the subcontractor's performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes a situation where a contractor agrees to pay more due to doubts about a subcontractor’s performance?

    <p>Economic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a contractor avoid liability under a compensation clause when dealing with a subcontractor?

    <p>By agreeing to pay an increased price.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a disbenefit in the context of securing a contractor's promise?

    <p>Stalling the completion of the project.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately reflects a situation of economic duress?

    <p>A subcontractor threatening to stop work unless paid more.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be true for a benefit obtained by the contractor to qualify as consideration?

    <p>It must arise without any coercion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for a third party to enforce a contract term?

    <p>The contract must expressly allow for third party enforcement or confer a benefit on them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement defines the concept of agency?

    <p>An agency occurs when one person acts on behalf of another and can affect the principal's legal position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of how agency is created?

    <p>When the principal gives authority to the agent to act in their stead.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what condition can a third party not enforce a contract term?

    <p>The parties show intent that the term is unenforceable by the third party.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically considered an agent?

    <p>Estate agents dealing directly in property sales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do gift receipts play in consumer transactions?

    <p>They provide a means for gift recipients to seek remedies for faulty goods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must an agent have to bind a principal in a contract?

    <p>Authority granted by the principal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might the term 'agent' differ in commercial use compared to legal definitions?

    <p>The term can apply to various roles not associated with legal authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is generally considered sufficient consideration for a promise of more money in a contractual obligation?

    <p>Performance that provides a practical benefit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the principle of promissory estoppel?

    <p>It serves as a shield, not a sword.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur if there is economic duress in a contractual promise?

    <p>The promise may be set aside.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes the role of an agent with express authority?

    <p>The principal is bound by contracts made by the agent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be true for a principal to be estopped from denying an agent's authority?

    <p>The third party must have altered its position in reliance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of agency, if an agent has actual authority and enters into a contract, what happens if the agent's authority is later terminated?

    <p>The contract remains binding if the third party is unaware of termination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding payment of a lesser sum on the due date?

    <p>It must always involve a new consideration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the legal consequence if a party seeks equitable relief but does not have clean hands?

    <p>The party is barred from seeking equitable relief.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary condition for a party to use promissory estoppel?

    <p>One must have acted on the belief induced by the other party</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of Combe v Combe, what was established about promissory estoppel?

    <p>It can only serve as a defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean for a promise to not be freely given as established in D&C Builders v Rees?

    <p>It must be made under coercion or pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of inequity in promissory estoppel?

    <p>It must be demonstrated for the promisor to go back on their promise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must occur for a party to successfully claim that it would be inequitable for the promisor to withdraw their promise?

    <p>The promisee must have relied on the promise to their detriment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of promissory estoppel, how is the concept of fairness evaluated?

    <p>By examining the behavior and circumstances of the parties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key principle does the case of D&C Builders v Rees illustrate in relation to promissory estoppel?

    <p>Economic pressures can negate the validity of a promise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of a party proving that pursuing a promissory estoppel would be inequitable?

    <p>The court may prevent the promisor from retracting their promise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is generally considered insufficient consideration in contract law?

    <p>Payment of a lesser sum on the due date</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about consideration in contract law is true?

    <p>Consideration can be a benefit to the promisor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the doctrine of promissory estoppel allow a party to do?

    <p>Enforce a promise without consideration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is past consideration generally considered valid?

    <p>When it is solicited by the promisor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one crucial aspect of consideration highlighted by the case of Chappell v Nestlé?

    <p>It does not need to match the value of the promise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about contractual obligations is true?

    <p>A party can claim additional payments if they provide a practical benefit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario is past consideration deemed insufficient?

    <p>If the act was completed before any agreement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of 'consideration must be sufficient' imply in contract law?

    <p>The consideration must provide some form of benefit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Agreement and Contractual Intention

    • A binding contract requires agreement, consideration, and intention for legal consequences.
    • Agreement is based on offer and acceptance.
    • An offer is a promise to be bound by specific terms, communicated via various methods.
    • An invitation to treat invites negotiations, it is not a binding offer.

    Offer and Acceptance

    • Offers can be communicated via letters, emails, or conduct.
    • Intention is determined by the parties or courts.
    • Items displayed in stores are invitations to treat until payment, they are not offers themselves.
    • Advertisements are generally invitations to treat.
    • Advertisements offering rewards are considered offers in specific situations, especially in unilateral contracts.

    Invitation to Treat vs. Offer

    • Case examples illustrate that displayed items in stores aren't offers.
    • Advertisements are generally invitations to treat.
    • Unilateral contracts, where only one party makes a promise, are an exception.

    Case Examples

    • Smith v. Hughes: Relevant case law regarding contract formation.
    • Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v. Boots Cash Chemists (1953): Items displayed in stores are invitations to treat.
    • Fisher v. Bell (1961) and Partridge v. Crittenden (1968): Demonstrates that advertisements are generally invitations to treat.
    • Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company: Example of a unilateral contract where the advertisement could be interpreted as an offer.
    • Williams v Carwardine: Example of a unilateral contract where the advertisement could be interpreted as an offer.
    • Barry v. Davies (2000) is a relevant case regarding auctions.

    Advertisements as Offers (Exception)

    • Advertisements can be considered offers if they contain specific terms and are directed at a particular person.

    Unilateral Contracts

    • A unilateral contract involves a promise in exchange for an act.
    • Williams v. Carwardine (1833) and Carlyle v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Company (1893) are examples of unilateral contracts where ads are taken as offers.

    Auction

    -Auctions follow specific rules regarding offers and acceptance.

    • A sale by auction is complete when the auctioneer's hammer falls.
    • A reserve price in an auction is a minimum price the auctioneer will accept.
    • Auctions without reserve are where the highest bid will create a contract.
    • Barry v. Davies (2000) is a relevant case regarding auctions.

    Tenders

    • Tenders involve third-party contractors hired by a business.
    • Businesses request tenders frequently.

    Tender Acceptance and Contract Formation

    • Acceptance of a tender (often in business proposals).
    • Exceptions exist where an invitation to tender does not constitute an offer, such as the case Harvela Investments Ltd v. Royal Trust Company of Canada.
    • Unilateral contracts related to tenders are a possibility.
    • Blackpool v. Flight Aero Club: An implied promise to consider all tenders in a timely way. This is an example.

    Termination of Offer

    • Offers can be terminated through revocation, rejection, or lapse of time.
    • Offers can be revoked before acceptance.
    • An exception might be if consideration is given to keep the offer open. (e.g.: Option contract).
    • Revocation must be effectively communicated to the offeree to be valid.

    Revocation

    • Advertising an offer can be revoked as a form of communication.
    • Emails and third-party communication regarding revocations.

    Rejection

    • A rejection of an offer.
    • A counteroffer terminates the original offer and makes a new one.

    Lapse of Time

    • An offer lapses after a reasonable or prescribed time period.

    Acceptance of an Offer

    • Acceptance must be unconditional, complete, and communicated to be valid.

    Battle of the Forms

    • The last set of terms presented and accepted in a contract typically prevails when conflicting terms arise.

    Jurisdiction and Terms

    • Previously acknowledged terms can resolve conflicting contract terms.

    Communication of Acceptance

    • Acceptance must be communicated, except in unilateral contracts.
    • Courts require intention for agreements to be legally enforceable.
    • Formal (written) agreements are not required, and oral agreements are equally enforceable.
    • Domestic agreements: Courts presume no intention to create legal relations.
    • Commercial agreements: Courts presume an intention to create legal relations, unless otherwise proven.

    Cases

    • Belfour v. Belfour: Example of a domestic court case reflecting legal presumption of no intention to contract.
    • Merit v. Merit: Example of a domestic arrangement presumed not to have legally enforceable contract intent.
    • Edwards v. Skyways: Illustrative case of commercial contracts with presumed intent to have a legally binding contract.
    • Rose & Frank Co. v Crompton Bros: Rebuttal to the normal presumption around commercial contracts.
    • Entores v Miles Far East Corp: Communication of acceptance.
    • Adams v. Lindsell: Postal rule relating to acceptance of an offer.
    • Hyde v Wrench: Counter-offer terminating original offer.
    • Blackpool and Fylde Aero Club Ltd v Blackpool Borough Council: Implied duty, a promise to consider tenders..
    • Shuey v United States: Advertising revocation of offers.
    • Brinkibon Ltd v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelgesellschaft 1983: Communication of Acceptance in business context.
    • High Trees House: Promissory estoppel.
    • Central London Property Trust v High Trees House: Promissory estoppel.
    • Foakes v Beer: Part payment of debt.
    • Pinnel's Case: Part payment of debt.
    • Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd: Consideration for existing contractual duty.
    • Stilk v Myrick: Performance of existing contractual duty not sufficient consideration on own.
    • Hartley v Ponsonby: Performance of existing contractual duty, exceeding the duty, would be consideration.
    • Lampleigh v Brathwait: Exception to past consideration not being considered.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the essential elements of contract law, focusing on agreement, consideration, and contractual intention. Participants will analyze concepts like offers, invitations to treat, and the distinction between advertisements and binding offers through real-life examples. Test your understanding of how contracts are formed and the legal implications involved.

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