Contraception Methods Side Effects
85 Questions
3 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Levonorgestrel (Plan B)?

  • Inducing abortion
  • Thinning the lining of the uterus
  • Preventing ovulation (correct)
  • Blocking sperm fertilization

    • What is the main difference between Ulipristal (Ella) and Levonorgestrel (Plan B)?

  • Availability by prescription only
  • Mechanism of action as a progestin blocker
  • Time frame for use after unprotected intercourse (correct)
  • All of the above

    • What type of IUD does not release hormones?

  • Ella
  • Skyla
  • Mirena
  • Paragard (correct)

    • What is a common side effect of Mirena and Skyla IUDs?

    <p>Amenorrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of IUDs?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why may some women not have access to IUDs?

    <p>Lack of licensed providers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of IUD placement?

    <p>Expulsion of the device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the Paragard IUD?

    <p>Causes heavier bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is screening for STIs performed during IUD placement?

    <p>To rule out underlying infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the similarity in the incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease between women with IUCs and women without them?

    <p>The incidence is the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the contraindication for latex-based condoms?

    <p>Latex allergy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the barrier methods of birth control?

    <p>To provide a barrier that prevents semen from entering the female reproductive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disadvantage of the female condom compared to the male condom?

    <p>It is more expensive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended replacement interval for diaphragms?

    <p>Every 2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the failure rate of the diaphragm within a year?

    <p>12% failure rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using male condoms?

    <p>They are available over the counter and are inexpensive or free</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be checked after a woman gives birth, has a miscarriage or abortion, or gains or loses more than 10 pounds?

    <p>The diaphragm fit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can weaken the integrity of latex-based condoms?

    <p>Petroleum-based products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of using hormonal contraceptives containing progestin?

    <p>Irregular bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who should not use combined oral contraceptive pills?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential health risk associated with using hormonal contraceptives?

    <p>Blood clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using combined oral contraceptive pills?

    <p>Helping with PCOS and acne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if you miss a dose of combined oral contraceptive pills?

    <p>Take a pill as soon as you remember and then take the next dose at the regular time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of extended cycling combined oral contraceptive pills?

    <p>84 active pills, 7 days placebo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are combined oral contraceptive pills not suitable for people who forget to take their pills every day?

    <p>Because they require a high level of adherence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for combined oral contraceptive pills?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not a benefit of using combined oral contraceptive pills?

    <p>Reducing the risk of STIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of infertility cases involve combined male and female factors?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of well-timed intercourse required to define infertility in women over 35 years old?

    <p>6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of multiple gestation with clomiphene citrate compared to spontaneous pregnancies?

    <p>7% increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of infertility cases have unknown causes?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common first-line medication to induce ovulation?

    <p>Clomiphene citrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is clomiphene citrate usually started?

    <p>5 days after the start of menses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lifestyle factor impairs fertility in both sexes?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of infertility cases related to male factors?

    <p>35%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy with clomiphene citrate compared to spontaneous pregnancies?

    <p>Same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Human menopausal gonadotropin (Pergonal)?

    <p>It directly stimulates ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible risk associated with Human menopausal gonadotropin (Pergonal) treatment?

    <p>Ovarian hyperstimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Intrauterine insemination (IUI)?

    <p>To introduce washed sperm into the upper uterine cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible outcome of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)?

    <p>Multiple gestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)?

    <p>Sperm and eggs are combined and then placed in the fallopian tube for fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common procedure used in Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)?

    <p>Retrieving sperm from the epididymis using a needle through the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible option for treatment of infertility due to male factors?

    <p>In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) with donor sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible option for treatment of infertility due to ovarian factors?

    <p>Donor oocytes: Eggs are obtained from donors and combined with sperm in IVF.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible option for treatment of infertility when the woman is unable to carry a pregnancy?

    <p>Surrogacy (gestational carrier): can use couple’s or donor egg/sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of using the female condom compared to the male condom?

    <p>It is more cumbersome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the diaphragm?

    <p>It has a 12% failure rate within a year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential problem with using latex-based condoms?

    <p>They are weakened by petroleum-based products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of using male condoms?

    <p>They are less expensive than female condoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should diaphragms be replaced?

    <p>Every 2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should the fit of a diaphragm be checked?

    <p>After a woman gives birth, has a miscarriage or abortion, or gains or loses more than 10 pounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of male condoms?

    <p>Most are latex-based</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using condoms for contraception?

    <p>They are the only method that prevents infection while preventing pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consideration for patients who don't want their partners to know they're using contraception?

    <p>Barrier methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of hormonal methods of contraception?

    <p>They relieve PMS and have no impact on spontaneity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage of hormonal methods of contraception?

    <p>They can cause daily 3-8% failure rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of access to contraception?

    <p>It increases educational and economic opportunity, reduces maternal mortality/morbidity, and decreases infant mortality/morbidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of using hormonal contraceptives containing progestin?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best method of contraception for a patient?

    <p>The one the patient has access to, can afford, will tolerate, and can use consistently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for combined oral contraceptive pills?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it beneficial to have two years between pregnancies?

    <p>It is better for the health of the mother and the baby</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if you miss more than one dose of combined oral contraceptive pills?

    <p>Take the next dose, but use other birth control for 7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using combined oral contraceptive pills?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of extended cycling combined oral contraceptive pills?

    <p>84 active pills followed by 7 days of placebo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are combined oral contraceptive pills not suitable for people who forget to take their pills every day?

    <p>Because they require consistent daily use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended time frame for placing a contraceptive sponge in the vagina?

    <p>Up to 24 hours before sexual intercourse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the failure rate of the contraceptive sponge in women who have given birth?

    <p>24% over 1 year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential health risk associated with using hormonal contraceptives?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication associated with tubal ligation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of vasectomy compared to bilateral tubal ligation?

    <p>It is safer and cheaper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of vasectomy?

    <p>Preventing sperm from exiting the male body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended follow-up care after a vasectomy?

    <p>Follow-up with sperm count and use alternate birth control until cleared by a physician</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of surgical methods of birth control compared to barrier methods?

    <p>They are more effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of Progestin-only pills on the cervix?

    <p>Thickening of cervical mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a side effect of Progestin-only pills?

    <p>Irregular periods and more spotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often must Progestin-only pills be taken to be effective?

    <p>Within a 3 hour window every day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk associated with pregnancy while using Progestin-only pills?

    <p>Ectopic pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the Contraceptive Ring used?

    <p>Inserted into the vagina for 3 weeks and removed for 1 week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of the contraceptive patch?

    <p>It is a non-invasive method that does not require frequent administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using the contraceptive implant?

    <p>It is a long-acting method that does not require frequent administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of using the contraceptive injection?

    <p>It is associated with weight gain and may diminish milk production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for using emergency contraception?

    <p>For women who have had unprotected sex or contraceptive failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the contraceptive patch and the contraceptive injection?

    <p>The patch is a short-acting method, while the injection is a long-acting method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using the contraceptive implant compared to the contraceptive injection?

    <p>The implant is a reversible method that can be removed at any time, while the injection is a long-acting method that requires waiting for its effects to wear off</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of using the contraceptive patch?

    <p>It is a barrier method that does not provide protection against STIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Contraception

    • Hormonal methods: need a prescription, not effective against STIs, and may have side effects like nausea, breast tenderness, and mood swings.
    • Progestin methods: may cause irregular bleeding, and have adverse reactions like blood clots.
    • Contraindications: migraine with aura, hypertension, history of DVT, PE, stroke, and smokers over 35.
    • Not suitable for breastfeeding mothers.

    Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills

    • Contain 21 hormone-containing pills followed by 7 placebo pills.
    • Extended cycling: 84 active pills, 7 days placebo.
    • Can help with PCOS, acne, menstrual cramping, and heavy bleeding.
    • Missed dose: take a pill as soon as you remember, then take the next dose at the regular time.
    • If you miss more than one, take the next dose, but use other birth control for 7 days.
    • More effective in women who weigh over 165 pounds.

    Emergency Contraception

    • Levonorgestrel (PlanB): available over the counter or by prescription, more effective when taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse.
    • Works by preventing ovulation, does not affect an established pregnancy.
    • Must be used within 72 hours of unprotected sex.
    • Ulipristal (Ella): available by prescription only, works as a progestin blocker, and may affect an existing pregnancy.
    • May be used within 120 hours of unprotected intercourse.

    Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)

    • Types: copper (Paragard) and progestin-releasing (Mirena and Skyla).
    • T-shaped device inserted into the uterus, works by thinning the lining of the uterus and creating an environment not good for sperm.
    • Hormone-releasing IUDs also prevent ovulation.
    • Does not interrupt a pregnancy or cause abortion.
    • Advantages: no chance of user error, completely reversible, and long-acting.
    • Disadvantages: initially expensive, may not be accessible to some women, and may cause heavier bleeding and cramping.

    Barrier Methods of Birth Control

    • Male Condoms:
    • Consist of a sheath that goes over the penis, provide a barrier that prevents semen from entering the female reproductive tract.
    • Advantages: widely available, inexpensive, protect against STIs, allow male partner to be active in family planning.
    • Disadvantages: adherence is poor, breakage or slippage may occur, latex allergy is a contraindication, and can degrade over time.
    • Female Condom:
    • Contains two semi-rigid rings attached to the opening of a nitrile tube.
    • Placement is similar to a tampon, new female condom should be used with each episode of rectal or vaginal sex.
    • Expensive and more cumbersome than a male condom.
    • Diaphragm:
    • Flexible saucer that is placed into the vagina to cover the cervix.
    • Does not protect against STIs, has a 12% failure rate within a year.
    • Fit should be checked if the woman gives birth, has a miscarriage or abortion, or gains or loses more than 10 pounds.

    Fertility and Infertility

    • Infertility: lack of pregnancy after 12 months of well-timed intercourse (6 months if the woman is over 35 years old).
    • May involve recurrent spontaneous abortion (miscarriage).
    • Infertility may be related to male factors (35%), female factors (35%), and combined male and female factors (20%).
    • In about 10% of infertility cases, the cause is unknown.
    • Overweight or underweight women may be counseled to lose or gain weight to induce ovulation.

    Fertility Treatment

    • Clomiphene:
    • Selective estrogen receptor modulator, common first-line medication to induce ovulation.
    • Started 5 days after the start of menses, the risk of miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy is the same as with spontaneous pregnancies.
    • The risk of multiple gestation is increased 7% with clomiphene citrate compared to spontaneous pregnancies.
    • Human Menopausal Gonadotropin (Pergonal):
    • Self-administered IM injection given daily until ultrasound reveals a mature ovarian follicle.
    • Directly stimulates ovaries, recommend intercourse every other day for 1 week starting day 5 of beginning medication.
    • Patient required to come in for multiple office visits per cycle for labs and ultrasound.
    • Risk of ovarian hyperstimulation, serious cases require hospitalization.
    • The risk of multiple gestation is 10-20% (majority are twin gestation).

    Artificial Reproductive Technology (ART)

    • Multiple modalities exist, and may sometimes be combined to increase odds:
    • Intrauterine Insemination (IUI):
    • Sperm is washed and then introduced into the upper uterine cavity.
    • In Vitro Fertilization (IVF):
    • Used to treat infertility due to tubal factors, severe male factors, uterine, or ovarian factors.
    • Ovaries are stimulated and eggs retrieved by ultrasound-guided follicle aspiration and then mixed with cleaned sperm.
    • Successful fertilization can be identified after 17 hours and transplanted into the uterus or frozen.
    • Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT):
    • Sperm and eggs are combined and then placed in the fallopian tube for fertilization via laparoscopy.
    • Requires general anesthesia and surgical intervention.
    • Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI):
    • Sperm is retrieved from the epididymis using a needle through the skin, and a single sperm cell is isolated and injected into an egg.
    • Donor Sperm:
    • Sperm is obtained from a donor, washed and used for fertilization either with IUI or IVF procedures.
    • Donor Oocytes:
    • Eggs are obtained from donors and combined with sperm (male partner's or donors) in IVF.
    • Surrogacy (Gestational Carrier):
    • Can use couple's or donor egg/sperm.

    Intrauterine Contraception (IUC)

    • IUCs have a small risk of perforating the uterus during insertion.
    • The incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease is the same for women with IUCs as for women without them.

    Barrier Methods of Birth Control

    • Male Condoms
      • Consist of a sheath that goes over the penis
      • Provide a barrier that prevents semen from entering the female reproductive tract
      • Most are latex-based; non-latex are made from animal intestine
      • Advantages: widely available, inexpensive, protect against STIs, allow male partner to be active in family planning
      • Disadvantages: poor adherence, breakage or slippage, latex allergy, degrade over time
    • Female Condom
      • Contains two semi-rigid rings attached to a nitrile tube
      • Placement is similar to a tampon
      • A new female condom should be used with each episode of rectal or vaginal sex
      • Expensive and more cumbersome than a male condom
    • Diaphragm
      • A flexible saucer that is placed into the vagina to cover the cervix
      • Does not protect against STIs
      • 12% failure rate within a year
      • Fit should be checked after childbirth, miscarriage, or abortion, or if weight changes by more than 10 pounds
      • Should be replaced every 2 years
    • Contraceptive Sponge
      • A spermicide-infused, foam disk that fits over the cervix
      • Available over the counter
      • 12% failure rate in women who have never given birth, 24% failure rate in women who have given birth
      • Should be placed up to 24 hours before sexual intercourse and stay in no more than 30 hours

    Contraception

    • Access to Contraception
      • Increases educational and economic opportunities for men and women
      • Reduces maternal mortality/morbidity
      • Decreases infant mortality/morbidity
      • Reduces stress on families
      • Prevents unsafe abortions
    • Contraception Considerations
      • The best method is the one that is accessible, affordable, and can be used consistently
      • Methods that don't invite user error have lower failure rates
      • Only condoms prevent infection while preventing pregnancy

    Hormonal Methods

    • How they Work
      • Suppress ovulation, thicken cervical mucus, and thin the uterine lining
    • Effectiveness
      • In a perfect world, failure rate is 0.3%
      • In reality, failure rate is 3-8% depending on the method
    • Advantages
      • No effect on future fertility, relieves PMS, lighter periods, no impact on spontaneity, can be used to treat PCOS, reduces acne
    • Disadvantages
      • Need a prescription, not effective against STIs, side effects, adverse reactions, contraindications

    Surgical Methods

    • Tubal Ligation
      • Most common method around the world and 2nd most common in the US
      • Can be performed outpatient or during a C-section
      • Surgical procedure with associated risks
      • Failure rate is 0.5%
    • Vasectomy
      • Safer and cheaper than bilateral tubal ligation, but fewer men have the procedure
      • Cutting the vas deferens prevents sperm from exiting the male body
      • Performed in an office under local anesthesia
      • Permanent procedure, but reversal is possible

    Contraceptive Patch

    • How it Works
      • A patch containing estrogen and progestin applied weekly for 3 weeks
      • Followed by a patch-free week, which causes a withdrawal bleed
    • Failure Rate
      • 9% with normal BMI, higher with obesity
    • Not for
      • Breastfeeding mothers

    Contraceptive Injection (Depo-Provera)

    • How it Works
      • A progestin-only injection given every 13 weeks until pregnancy is desired
    • Failure Rate
      • 6%
    • Concerns
      • Weight gain, used with breastfeeding mothers may diminish milk production

    Contraceptive Implant (LARC)

    • How it Works
      • A 4-cm rod of non-estrogen etonogestrel is inserted under the skin of the inner upper arm
      • Approved for use for 3 years
    • Failure Rate
      • Less than 0.05%
    • Concerns
      • Unscheduled bleeding, removal can be difficult, leaves scars

    Emergency Contraception

    • Options
      • Medication or a copper intrauterine contraception (IUC)
    • Progestin-only Pills (POPs)
      • Contain only progestin
      • Safe for breastfeeding mothers
      • Failure rate is 9%

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    This quiz covers the side effects and contraindications of various contraception methods, including those containing progestin. Learn about the risks and precautions to take.

    More Like This

    Birth Control Methods Overview
    10 questions

    Birth Control Methods Overview

    PremierLimerick avatar
    PremierLimerick
    Contraception Methods
    14 questions

    Contraception Methods

    ReadableMulberryTree avatar
    ReadableMulberryTree
    Contraception Methods
    24 questions

    Contraception Methods

    AdventuresomeKansasCity avatar
    AdventuresomeKansasCity
    Contraceptives and Hormonal Birth Control
    40 questions

    Contraceptives and Hormonal Birth Control

    UnparalleledPhotorealism avatar
    UnparalleledPhotorealism
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser