Contraception and Pregnancy Quiz

Contraception and Pregnancy

• OCPs (oral contraceptives) are contraindicated in women over 35 who smoke ≥15 cigarettes daily, and those with cardiovascular risk factors like hypertension (HTN).
• Rho(D) immune globulin (RhoGAM) administration is given at 28 weeks gestation to Rh-negative mothers. It's also given to Rh-negative mothers who have Rh-positive newborns, during any invasive procedures, and in cases of fetomaternal bleeding.
• If a pregnant woman tests positive for Group B Streptococcus (GBS) early in pregnancy, a repeat test at 36-38 weeks is not necessary; antibiotics are administered at delivery.
• Pregnant women who test positive for Group B Strep (GBS) at any point during pregnancy will need antibiotic treatment during labor.

Gynecological Conditions

• Endometriosis is associated with dyschezia, dysmenorrhea, and dyspareunia. Diagnosis is often made through laparoscopy.
• Breast cancer is the most common non-dermatological malignancy in women, often metastasizing to bone, brain, liver, and lungs.
• Urinary leakage worsening with standing is a key indicator for vesicovaginal fistula—usually a consequence of gynecologic surgery.
• Chancroid is characterized by painful, single lesions, accompanied by inguinal lymphadenopathy.
• Lymphogranuloma venereum presents with painless genital ulcers and severe inguinal lymphadenopathy.

Obstetrics

• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) can lead to immune responses that scar fallopian tubes, causing infertility.
• Premature ovarian failure (POF) initial step is measuring FSH levels.
• Hydrosalpinx, a condition where fallopian tubes fill with fluid.
• Inactivated influenza vaccines are recommended for pregnant women, preferably before the influenza season.
• Free T4 (thyroxine) levels are measured in Graves' disease patients.
• Protraction and arrest are stages of active labor. Protraction is slow cervical change and arrest is no cervical change.
• Urinalysis is necessary when considering a suspected UTI or pyelonephritis.
• Oral glucose tolerance tests should be administered between 24 and 28 weeks to pregnant people with risk factors, like diabetes.
• Uncomplicated pregnancies require routine prenatal visits: every four weeks up to 28 weeks, then every two weeks from 28 to 36 weeks, and weekly visits after 36 weeks.

Other Conditions

• Atelectasis is a common cause of postoperative fever two days following surgery.
• Preterm labor management depends on gestational age (<32 weeks, 32-34 weeks, and 34-36 weeks), requiring different treatments like steroids, tocolytics, antibiotics, and monitoring.
• Patients with cervical cancer should undergo hysterectomy, as PTU (propylthiouracil) can cross the placental barrier and lead to fetal goiter, often causing polyhydramnios from esophageal compression.
• Placental previa treatment for initial bleeding includes IV fluids and observation.
• Post-partum oxytocin levels are usually higher than follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
• Endometrial cancer may be related to unopposed estrogen exposure.
• Galactoceles are noncancerous breast masses that can resolve on their own in lactating individuals.
• Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) can benefit from FFP administration for preventing complications, as it contains clotting factors.

Management of Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes (PPROM)

• Management of PPROM is based on gestational age (<34 weeks, 34-37 weeks. Signs of infection or fetal compromise are critical factors in determining the appropriate course of action
• Decisions involve antibiotics, corticosteroids, fetal surveillance, and delivery, contingent on fetal/maternal health status.

Precocious Puberty

• Precocious puberty evaluation involves assessing factors like basal LH levels, bone age, and presence of secondary sex characteristics, guiding treatment options based on the cause of the condition.