Continuous Infections Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What kind of infections are considered continuous?

  • Intermittent
  • Acute
  • Intravascular (correct)
  • Chronic

What kind of infections are localized?

  • Systemic
  • Intermittent (correct)
  • Chronic
  • Acute

Which clinical specimen should be processed immediately?

  • CSF (correct)
  • Blood
  • Urine
  • Sputum

What organisms are the main causes of bacterial meningitis? (Select all that apply)

<p>Streptococcus pneumoniae (A), Neisseria meningitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism usually causes upper respiratory infections (pharynx)?

<p>Group A Strep (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a broad spectrum antibacterial?

<p>Ampicillin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a narrow-spectrum antibacterial?

<p>Vancomycin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of bacteriostatic antibacterials? (Select all that apply)

<p>Chloramphenicols (A), Tetracyclines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are bactericidal? (Select all that apply)

<p>Penicillin (A), Cephalosporins (C), Vancomycin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does MIC stand for?

<p>Minimum inhibitory concentration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does MBC stand for?

<p>Minimum bacterial concentration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are antimycobacterial agents?

<p>Isoniazid, ethambutol, cycloserine, ethionamide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are beta lactam antibiotics?

<p>Penicillin, cephalosporins, cephamycins, carbapenem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do beta lactams do?

<p>Inhibit cell wall synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the targets of beta lactams?

<p>Penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a beta-lactam antibiotic resistance mechanism?

<p>Express less PBP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each beta lactam class to its description

<p>A = Most common class (penicillinases in gram - rods) B = Broad spectrum C = Cephalosporinases encoded on bacterial chromosome D = Penicillinases found in gram - rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) do?

<p>Inactivate penicillin and cephalosporin (encode on plasmids) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell wall inhibitors has the following description:

  • example: Vancomycin
  • Effective against gram-positive bacteria
  • Prevents bridges between peptidoglycan chains
  • Important to treat oxacillin-resistant staph and other resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics?

<p>Glycopeptides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is intrinsic vancomycin resistance based on?

<p>Terminal pentapeptide chains (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell wall synthesis inhibitor has the following description:

  • Bactericidal
  • Example: Daptomycin
  • Binds to membrane and depolarizes
  • Effective against gram-positive bacteria
  • Gram-negative bacteria are resistant?

<p>Lipopeptides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell wall synthesis inhibitors match the following description?

  • Example: Bacitracin
  • Topically applied products
  • Treats skin infections by Gram-positive bacteria
  • Gram-negative bacteria are resistant.

<p>Polypeptides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell wall synthesis inhibitor has the following description:

  • Inserts into bacterial membranes and increases permeability
  • Types B and E (colistin) can cause nephrotoxicity and are only used externally
  • Effective against Gram-negative rods?

<p>Polymyxins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each mycobacterium treatment to its description:

<p>Isoniazid = Effective against replicating bacteria unknown mechanism; impacts synthesis of mycolic acid Ethionamide = Derivative of isoniazid (same effect) Ethambutol = Interferes with synthesis of arabinogalactan (complexes with peptidoglycan in cell wall) Cycloserine = Inhibits enzymes that synthesize cell wall (D-alanine-D-alanine synthetase and alanine racemase)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each protein synthesis inhibitor to its description

<p>Aminoglycosides = Premature release of peptide chains from 30S ribosome Tetracyclines = Prevent polypeptide elongation at 30S ribosome Glyclcyclines = Binds 30S ribosome prevent protein synthesis Oxazolidinone = Prevent initiation of protein synthesis at 50S ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options prevent polypeptide elongation of the 50S ribosome?

<p>Macrolides, ketolides, clindamycin, streptogramins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each protein synthesis inhibitor to its description

<h1>Chloramphenicol, macrolides, lincosamides = Binds 50S ribosomal subunit; prevent peptide bond formation; stop protein synthesis Aminoglycosides = Bind to 30S ribosomal subunit; Impair proofreading, resulting in faulty proteins Tetracyclines = Bind to 30S ribosomal subunit; Block the binding of tRNAs --&gt; inhibit protein synthesis</h1> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein synthesis inhibitor are anaerobes and bacteria in anaerobic environments resistant to?

<p>Aminoglycosides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein synthesis inhibitor has the following description:

  • Binds reversibly to 30S ribosomal subunits and blocks tRNA binding
  • Effective against Chlamydia, Mycoplasma and Rickettsia (gram positive and gram negative)?

<p>Tetracyclines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein synthesis inhibitor has the following description:

  • Broad spectrum
  • Inhibits host protein synthesis in bone marrow
  • Binds reversibly to 50S ribosomal subunit --> blocks peptide elongation?

<p>Chloramphenicol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of resistance in chloramphenicol?

<p>Plasmid encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an inhibitor of nucleic acids synthesis?

<p>Quinolones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do quinolones inhibit? (Select all that apply)

<p>Topoisomerase III (A), Topoisomerase IV (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a narrow spectrum (targets gram-negative rods) quinolone?

<p>Nalidixic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are broad spectrum quinolones? (Select all that apply)

<p>Ciprofloxacin (A), Levofloxacin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an extended spectrum quinolone?

<p>Moxifloxacin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nucleic acid inhibitors is bacteriocidal for TB?

<p>Rifampin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nucleic acid inhibitors is effective against M. avium?

<p>Rifabutin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an antimetabolite antibiotic?

<p>Sulfonamides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each antimetabolite to its its function

<h1>Sulfonamides = Prevent synthesis of folic acid Trimethoprim = Inhibit dihydrofolate reductase; blocks formation of thymidine Dapsone = Useful in mycobacteria infections</h1> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics is described as an antimetabolite effective against both Gram - and Gram + bacteria, Nocardia, chlamydia, and protozoa, and has resistance mechanisms involving Pseudomonas preventing drug uptake and Enterococci using exogenous thymidine?

<p>Sulfonamides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is described here:

  • Active against M. tuberculosis
  • First line drug for treatment of M. leprae
  • Lipophilic and binds to mycobacteria DNA?

<p>Clofazimine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fits this description:

  • Active against M. tuberculosis in low pH (phagolysosome)
  • Mechanism of action is unknown?

<p>Pyrazinamide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following blocks HIV from entering CD4 cells?

<p>CCR5 antagonists (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are used for HIV and HSV? (Select all that apply)

<p>Heparan (A), Dextran (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each antifungal to its MOA

<h1>echinocandins = Inhibits synthesis of 1,3, beta glucans (toxic to fungus) azoles = Inhibit cytochrome P450 dependant enzyme lanoserol- 14-alpha-demethylase terbinafine = Inhibits squalene spoxidase – decreases ergosterol</h1> Signup and view all the answers

Match each antifungal to its MOR

<p>azoles = RARE but In Candida: change target enzyme ; In Aspergillus: increase drug efflux and alter the target enzyme; In Neoformans: overexpress MDR pumps and alter target enzyme echinocandins = Minimal resistance linked to long term use polyenes = Resistance is uncommon terbinafine = Presence of CDR1 multidrug efflux pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each antifungal to its spectrum of activity

<h1>echinocandins = Administered IV polyenes = Broad spectrum; Nephrotoxicity, fever, chills, bronchospasm, hypotension side effects terbinafine = Treats dermatophytes; Broad spectrum</h1> Signup and view all the answers

Match each viral step to its inhibitors

<p>Antibody receptor antagonists = Recognition; attachment Amantadine, Arildone, Rimantadine, Tromanadine = Uncoating Interferon, antisense, oligomers = transcription interferon = protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each viral step to its inhibitors

<p>Nucleotide analogs, phosphonoformate = replication Protease inhibitors = assembly; Lysis and release ribavirin = Nucleotide biosynthesis and mutation acyclovir, penciclovir = Thymidine Kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each Nucleoside to the virus its approved for

<p>Famciclovir = HSV acyclovir = VSV valacyclovir = VSV and CMV ganciclovir; cidofovir = CMV</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a symptom of endocarditis?

<p>Pharyngitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cause of congestive heart failure?

<p>Corynebacterium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pathogens does not cause infectious endocarditis?

<p>Corynebacterium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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