Continental Drift Theory Overview

Alfred Wegener, a German geophysicist (1880-1930), identified the fitting shapes of South America and Africa in 1912, suggesting continents' prior connectivity.
Abraham Ortelius first noted the South America-Africa fit in the 16th century, highlighting long-ago observations of continental formations.
Austrian geologist Eduard Suess proposed land bridges connecting southern continents based on fossil evidence of the Glossopteris fern found across India, South America, southern Africa, Australia, and Antarctica.
Suess named the southern supercontinent Gondwanaland after the Gondwana region of India where fossils were identified.
Gondwanaland formed after the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea, with its northern counterpart identified as Laurasia.

Roberto Mantovani mapped former continental positions and theorized in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that continents drifted apart from a unified supercontinent.
Frank Bursley Taylor (1908) proposed that continents moved toward the equator due to the moon's gravitational pull, contributing to formations like the Himalayas and Alps.
South African geologist Alexander du Toit supported the supercontinent theory with fossil findings of the Mesosaurus in South America and South Africa, illustrating historical connections.
Wegener referred to his supercontinent as Pangaea, meaning “all lands,” and proposed that one large ocean, Panthalassa, surrounded it.

Pangaea is believed to have existed until about 300 million years ago before breaking into Laurasia and Gondwanaland.
Laurasia included present-day North America, Europe, and Northern Asia, breaking apart around 66 to 30 million years ago.
Gondwanaland fragmented approximately 180 million years ago into Africa, South America, Australia, Antarctica, the Indian subcontinent, and the Arabian Peninsula.
The Tethys Ocean was situated between Laurasia and Gondwanaland, representing ancient marine environments.

Glossopteris, an extinct fern with tongue-shaped leaves, thrived in Gondwanaland and provided crucial fossil evidence for the idea of connected continents.
Mesosaurus, a freshwater reptile with aquatic adaptations, indicated land connection through identical fossil finds in South America and Africa.
Cynognathus, meaning "dog jaw," was a mammal-like reptile found in Africa and Argentina, demonstrating geographical links.
Lystrosaurus ("shovel reptile") fossils point to similar herbivorous life across continents, contributing to evidence for past continental unity.