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Questions and Answers
What type of fault is the Philippine Fault an example of?
What type of fault is the Philippine Fault an example of?
What happens to a material when it reaches its yield point?
What happens to a material when it reaches its yield point?
What is the process called when rocks/minerals change into another mineral as a response to heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids?
What is the process called when rocks/minerals change into another mineral as a response to heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids?
What is the gradual movement of the continents over time called?
What is the gradual movement of the continents over time called?
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What is the term for the upper layer of the crust being broken down into plates?
What is the term for the upper layer of the crust being broken down into plates?
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What causes the movement of the plates in Plate Tectonics?
What causes the movement of the plates in Plate Tectonics?
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What is the result of a material undergoing ductile deformation?
What is the result of a material undergoing ductile deformation?
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What is the name of the German meteorologist who developed the Continental Drift Theory?
What is the name of the German meteorologist who developed the Continental Drift Theory?
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What is the name of the supergiant land mass that Wegener theorized was once interconnected?
What is the name of the supergiant land mass that Wegener theorized was once interconnected?
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What is the process of fragmentation and drifting that continued until the continents eventually reached their current position?
What is the process of fragmentation and drifting that continued until the continents eventually reached their current position?
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What is the cause of foliation in metamorphic rocks?
What is the cause of foliation in metamorphic rocks?
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What are the two giant continents that were formed initially after Pangaea began to separate?
What are the two giant continents that were formed initially after Pangaea began to separate?
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What is the characteristic of foliated metamorphic rocks?
What is the characteristic of foliated metamorphic rocks?
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What is the name of the process by which the continents are always moving and overlapping?
What is the name of the process by which the continents are always moving and overlapping?
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What are the four common types of foliated metamorphic rocks?
What are the four common types of foliated metamorphic rocks?
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How long ago did Pangaea begin to separate?
How long ago did Pangaea begin to separate?
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What is the reason for the formation of light and dark layers alternating with each other in gneiss?
What is the reason for the formation of light and dark layers alternating with each other in gneiss?
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Which type of metamorphism does not show foliation?
Which type of metamorphism does not show foliation?
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What is the name of the body of water proposed by Eduard Suess?
What is the name of the body of water proposed by Eduard Suess?
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What is the reason why Wegener's theory was not widely accepted by the scientific community?
What is the reason why Wegener's theory was not widely accepted by the scientific community?
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What is an example of a non-foliated metamorphic rock?
What is an example of a non-foliated metamorphic rock?
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What is the result of regional metamorphism on a large scale?
What is the result of regional metamorphism on a large scale?
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Who is the scientist who proposed the existence of Gondwanaland?
Who is the scientist who proposed the existence of Gondwanaland?
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What is the term for the process by which rocks are changed by heat and pressure?
What is the term for the process by which rocks are changed by heat and pressure?
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Study Notes
Continental Drift Theory
- Alfred Wegener's theory propose that all continents were once interconnected from a supergiant land mass, called Pangaea.
- Pangaea broke apart and each land mass drifted away from each other in different locations between 275 and 175 million years ago.
Formation of Giant Continents
- Two giant continents were formed: Laurasia (northern continents) and Gondwanaland (southern hemisphere continents).
- The slow process of fragmentation and drifting continued until the continents eventually reached their current position.
Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
- Foliation is caused by repetitive layering of sheet silicates, such as clay minerals, mica, and chlorite.
- Common foliated metamorphic rocks are slate, phyllite, schists, and gneiss.
- Gneiss has a striking foliation, with light-colored minerals segregating from dark ones, forming light and dark layers.
Non-Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
- Examples of non-foliated metamorphic rocks are marble and quartzite.
- They do not exhibit foliation because they are made of minerals that are neither platy nor elongated.
Types of Metamorphism
- Contact metamorphism occurs when an intrusion of hot, molten magma changes the rock when it comes in contact.
- Regional metamorphism occurs when large scale movements of Earth's crust cause a vast region of rock to sink into the Earth, experiencing increased heat and pressure.
Deformation
- Ductile deformation occurs when enough stress is applied to the material, causing changes in shape and no longer being able to return to its original shape.
- Yield point is the point at which elastic deformation is surpassed and strain becomes permanent.
- Brittle deformation occurs when materials respond to stress by breaking and fracturing.
Plate Tectonics
- In 1912, Alfred Wegener developed the Continental Drift Theory, explaining how continents shift position on Earth's surface.
- The upper layer of the crust is broken down into plates, which sit on a molten rock.
- The movement of this lower molten layer causes the plates to shift.
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Description
Learn about Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, proposing that all continents were once connected in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Discover how Pangaea broke apart and formed Laurasia and Gondwanaland.
