Contemporary Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Review

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Questions and Answers

What is a disadvantage of using moist heat for sterilization?

It may dull and rust instruments. (correct)

It effectively sterilizes porous materials.

It requires less equipment than other methods.

It is the fastest sterilization method available.

What is the maximum recommended duration for labeling sterilization items with an expiration date?

2 years

6-12 months (correct)

12-18 months

1-3 months

Which gas is commonly used for gaseous sterilization?

Formaldehyde

Nitrous oxide

Ethylene oxide (correct)

Chlorine

What is a requirement after exposing equipment to ethylene oxide?

Aeration for 8 to 12 hours. Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical disinfectant is not recommended for dentistry due to its ineffectiveness against hepatitis B virus?

Quaternary ammonium compounds Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of surgical field maintenance?

To prevent organisms from entering the patient's wound. Signup and view all the answers

Which technique should be employed for hand and arm preparation of surgical staff?

Clean technique followed by sterile technique Signup and view all the answers

What substance should be used to irrigate open wounds?

Sterile water or sterile saline Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is primarily responsible for inactivating the Hepatitis virus?

Halogen-containing disinfectants Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between antiseptics and disinfectants?

Antiseptics are used on skin; disinfectants are used on surfaces. Signup and view all the answers

Which method is considered a gaseous sterilization technique?

Ethylene oxide gas exposure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between an antiseptic and a disinfectant?

Antiseptics are used on living tissues, while disinfectants are used on inanimate objects. Signup and view all the answers

Which method is considered the most effective for sterilizing tuberculosis bacilli?

Heat and chemical methods Signup and view all the answers

Which step is essential for surgical staff preparation to minimize the risk of infection?

Thorough hand washing with antiseptic solutions Signup and view all the answers

When managing wounds, which of the following practices is recommended?

Gently irrigating the wound with sterile saline Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using barrier techniques in Universal Precautions?

To prevent contamination by treating all patients as if they have communicable diseases Signup and view all the answers

Which of these substances is NOT typically used for disinfection in surgical settings?

Aloe vera Signup and view all the answers

Which Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is recommended for staff in treatment center areas for Covid-19?

Gloves, N95 masks, and a gown Signup and view all the answers

How are standard universal precautions for infection control characterized?

Considering all human secretions as potentially infectious Signup and view all the answers

What does surgical asepsis specifically aim to prevent?

Microbes from accessing surgical wounds Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about HIV in the context of infection control?

HIV can survive for long periods outside the body. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is crucial for proper wound irrigation management?

Maintaining sterile conditions and proper technique Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of medical asepsis in healthcare settings?

To keep areas as free from infection-causing agents as possible Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the normal flora in the upper respiratory tract?

It includes various aerobic gram-positive cocci and anaerobes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical method for sterilizing surgical instruments that might be sensitive to moisture?

Dry heat sterilization Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to surfaces exposed to patient blood or secretions in a medical setting?

They need to be decontaminated or disposed of properly. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Disadvantages and Considerations in Sterilization

Moist heat can dull and rust instruments, alongside high autoclave costs.
Six months post-sterilization, the risk of organisms entering sterilization bags increases.
Proper handling may extend the safe use of sterilization bags beyond six months.
Each sterilized item should be labeled with an expiration date of 6 to 12 months.

Gaseous Sterilization

Ethylene oxide sterilizes by destroying vital enzymes and biochemical structures.
Requires exposure to 50°C for three hours.
Ideal for porous materials, large equipment, and heat/moisture-sensitive items.
Disadvantages include the need for specialized equipment and long sterilization/aeration times.
Ethylene oxide is highly toxic; equipment must be aerated for 8 to 12 hours at 50°C to 60°C, or for 4 to 7 days at ambient temperatures.

Instrument Disinfection Techniques

Chemical disinfectants classified by biocidal activity (low, intermediate, high).
Quaternary ammonium compounds are ineffective against hepatitis B and inactivated by soap.

Surgical Field Maintenance

Aim to prevent organisms from surgical staff or other patients from contaminating wounds.

Surgical Staff Preparation

Emphasizes hand and arm prepping, through clean and sterile techniques.

Wound Irrigation

Only sterile water or saline should be used for irrigating wounds.

Postsurgical Asepsis

Wound management requires the use of clean gloves for dressing changes.

Infection Control in Surgical Practices

Interventional procedures have a risk of transmitting infections.
Aseptic techniques and universal precautions are essential to minimize this risk.

Communicable Pathogenic Organisms

Types include bacteria, viruses, and mycobacterial organisms.

Bacterial Flora Types

Upper respiratory tract flora consists of aerobic gram-positive cocci, actinomycetes, anaerobes, and fungal species.
Flora counts regulated by rapid epithelial turnover, immunological factors, salivary flow, and nutrient competition.
Nose and paranasal sinus flora mainly consists of gram-positive streptococci and anaerobes.
Children may have Haemophilus influenzae; adults typically harbor Staphylococcus aureus.
Maxillofacial skin flora principally includes Staphylococcus epidermidis and Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

Viral Organisms Overview

Hepatitis A, B, C, and D are common infectious hepatitis pathogens transmitted via contaminated feces or human secretions.
Hepatitis viruses are resistant to desiccation and most disinfectants but can be inactivated by specific agents and heat sterilization.
Barrier protection is a component of universal precautions.

HIV and Other Viruses

HIV loses infectivity when desiccated; universal precautions are critical in healthcare settings.
Tuberculosis bacilli are resistant but do not form spores; effective against them using heat and chemicals.

Aseptic Techniques and Universal Precautions

Universal precautions protect all patients and providers against communicable diseases.
Barrier devices must be worn by all personnel handling blood or secretions.
Surfaces exposed to patient materials must be properly decontaminated or disposed of.

COVID-19 Precautions

Use of PPE in treatment areas includes N95 masks, face shields, caps, gowns, shoe coverings, and gloves.

Terminology

Asepsis aims to prevent sepsis.
Medical asepsis focuses on reducing infection risks among patients and staff.
Surgical asepsis aims to prevent microbial access to surgically created wounds.
Antiseptics and disinfectants inhibit the growth of infectious organisms.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts from 'Contemporary Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery' by Hupp, Ellis, and Tucker, focusing on sterilization methods and their disadvantages. It includes discussions on the effects of moist heat on instruments, sterilization bag handling, and labeling protocols. Test your knowledge of the material and understand best practices in oral surgery sterilization.