Contemporary India: An Introduction

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Questions and Answers

According to the provided text, what did Rabindranath Tagore predict about the British leaving India?

  • They would leave behind a chaotic and impoverished nation. (correct)
  • They would leave behind a nation eager to embrace Western values.
  • They would leave behind a unified nation ready for self rule.
  • They would leave behind a prosperous and well-organized nation.

What was essential to the analysis of post-1947 India's progress?

  • Focusing exclusively on economic developments.
  • Ignoring the pre-colonial and colonial period.
  • An analysis of the administrative structures introduced by colonial rule.
  • Understanding the hundred-year-old freedom struggle. (correct)

Where did India derive its values and ideals for nation-building?

  • From the colonial administration.
  • From pre-colonial social structures.
  • From the national movement. (correct)
  • From the newly formed political parties.

Which groups were largely excluded from the national movement?

<p>Communalists and those loyal to the colonial rulers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who disseminated the goals and values of the national movement among the common people?

<p>Tens of thousands of humble cadres. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a critical role of the ideals of the national movement?

<p>To integrate and unite Indian society and polity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Jawaharlal Nehru characterize the national movement's effects as?

<p>A continuing revolution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Gandhiji believe mass movements were created?

<p>By the people themselves, not leaders. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus of this book regarding India?

<p>The challenges and successes of modern India. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which historical event is NOT specifically explored in the book?

<p>The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific economic reforms are assessed in the book?

<p>Economic reforms implemented post-1991. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these political issues is directly analyzed in the book?

<p>Anti-Caste politics and untouchability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the book analyze about the use of state power?

<p>The use of state power in furthering communalism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is mentioned as contributing to the unraveling of political consensus at the Centre?

<p>The Indo-US Nuclear Deal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a frequent concern for analysts of India's development?

<p>The stability of India's political system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The book provides profiles of key figures. Which is NOT named?

<p>Sardar Patel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which idea is often associated with the critics of India's development?

<p>The likelihood of a societal or administrative collapse. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides political and economic analysis, what else does this book extensively cover?

<p>India's colonial legacy and freedom struggle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the consensus among analysts regarding changes for India's development?

<p>A necessity for fundamental structural and institutional shifts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the leadership of India in its early years post-1947?

<p>They possessed significant personal capability and dedication. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key characteristic of the early Indian leaders' approach to governance?

<p>They were highly reliant on the public and democratic institutions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which skill was acquired by Indian leaders during the national movement?

<p>The ability to negotiate and accommodate various interests. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a distinguishing characteristic regarding the ability of early Indian leaders?

<p>They were able to take a long-term national perspective. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What program of reform was advocated for by many analysts of the Indian developments?

<p>A program of radical reform in line with Gandhian and Nehruvian agenda. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sentiment expressed by the 'angry young men and disillusioned old men'?

<p>Criticism and resentment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text identify as a drawback, alongside some positive aspects, within the described nation?

<p>Hypocrisy and inefficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what should the current generation focus on, as per the sentiments of Gopal Krishna Gokhale?

<p>Learning from failures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phrase does the text use to describe the impact of British rule on India's development?

<p>The development of underdevelopment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mentioned as a positive development that ultimately became integrated into a process of underdevelopment?

<p>The development of the railways (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the economic relationship between India and Britain under colonial rule?

<p>Subservient and subordinate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the basic features of the colonial structure in India?

<p>Integration with the world capitalist system at a subservient position (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From what time period were India's economic interests primarily made subordinate to those of Britain, as described in the text?

<p>Since the 1750s (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary mechanism of the 'Drain' during the colonial period in India?

<p>Unilateral transfer of social surplus through excess exports (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately what percentage of India's national income was estimated to have been drained out of the country?

<p>5 to 10 percent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the British colonial state play in India's economic structure?

<p>Constructing and maintaining the colonial structure to benefit the British economy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did colonial policies contrast regarding state support for industries and agriculture in Britain and India?

<p>State support was denied in India but it was active in Britain during their early stages of development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect of the currency policy manipulated by the colonial government?

<p>Favoured British Industry to the detriment of Indian industry. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of expenditure absorbed the bulk of public revenue in colonial India?

<p>Military expenditure and civil administration focused on law and order and tax collection. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the colonial state's free trade policy have on Indian industries?

<p>It hindered Indian industries by denying tariff protection. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prompted the Government of India to grant some tariff protection to a few industries after 1918?

<p>The pressure from the national movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Karachi Resolution of 1931 declare regarding religion in a free India?

<p>Every citizen would have freedom of conscience and the right to practice their religion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Karachi Resolution, what was the principle regarding equality for all citizens?

<p>All citizens would be equal before the law, irrespective of caste, creed or sex. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Initially, why did Mahatma Gandhi emphasize the connection between religion and politics?

<p>Because he believed politics should be based on morality which stemmed from all religions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Gandhi's later stance on the relationship between religion and politics?

<p>That religion should be completely separate from politics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Jawaharlal Nehru perceive communalism?

<p>As a form of Indian fascism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

On what grounds did the leaders of the national movement generally critique British rule?

<p>Economic, political, social or cultural grounds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Despite its secular commitment, why did the national movement fail to fully counter communalism?

<p>Because it could not evolve an effective strategy to counter these forces. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the national movement recognize about India's nation-formation process?

<p>That the process was recent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Criticism and Resentment

Feelings of dissatisfaction, often expressing blame towards others.

Corruption and Inefficiency

Dishonesty in politics and lack of effectiveness in administration.

Gopal Krishna Gokhale

A prominent leader advocating for moderate nationalism in India.

Nation's Progress

The development stages a country undergoes during its growth.

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Development of Underdevelopment

A phenomenon where positive changes lead to negative outcomes, particularly in colonized nations.

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Colonial Economic Structure

An economic system established during colonial rule that prioritized the colonizer's interests.

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Integration with Capitalist System

Complete incorporation of an economy into global capitalism, often in a dependent role.

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Subordination to Britain

India's economic and political dependency under British colonial rule.

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India's democracy

India is the world's largest democracy, established post-independence.

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Colonial legacy

The historical impact of British colonization on India's development post-independence.

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Constitution framing

The process of drafting the Indian Constitution, critical for governance.

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Nehruvian agenda

Political and economic policies developed under Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.

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Communalism in India

The growth of communal identity and conflict affecting social cohesion.

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2004 General Elections

The elections resulting in the fall of the National Democratic Alliance.

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Economic reforms since 1991

Policies implemented to liberalize and boost the Indian economy.

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Green Revolution

Agricultural transformation in India leading to increased food production.

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Karachi Resolution 1931

A Congress declaration ensuring freedom of religion and equality for all citizens in India.

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Secular Commitment

The principle of separating religion from state affairs, ensuring neutrality towards all religions.

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Gandhi's Shift

Gandhi initially linked religion with politics but later advocated for their separation.

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Religion and Morality

Gandhi believed all religions are a source of morality, linking them to dharma.

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Nehru on Communalism

Nehru viewed communalism as a form of fascism specific to India.

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National Movement's Critique

The movement opposed British rule through economic and cultural critique instead of religious appeals.

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Partition and Communal Carnage

The inadequate response to communalism contributed to the Partition and violence between 1946-47.

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India as a Nation-in-the-Making

The concept that India was still forming its national identity during the movement.

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Rabindranath Tagore's Legacy

Tagore criticized colonialism, fearing its impact on India after British rule.

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National Movement

A century-long struggle for India's independence and nation-building ideals.

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Ideological Goals

A set of shared values that unified various political trends in the national movement.

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Mass Politics

Engagement of common people in political actions during the freedom struggle.

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Jawaharlal Nehru's View

Nehru described the national movement as a 'continuing revolution'.

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Gandhi's Philosophy

Belief that the mass movement was driven by the people's actions rather than leaders.

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Political Action Post-1919

After 1919, India witnessed increased political engagement among its populace.

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Impact of Colonialism

Colonial rule left behind significant socio-economic issues for independent India.

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Prophets of doom

Individuals who predict negative outcomes, often criticized for their views on development.

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Crisis of governability

A situation where a government struggles to effectively manage its political authority.

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Radical reforms

Major changes aimed at significantly improving social development and democratic processes.

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Gandhian agenda

A political and social framework inspired by Mahatma Gandhi, emphasizing non-violence and social justice.

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Political leadership post-1947

The qualities and capabilities of India's leaders crucial for its democratic and national development.

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Popular support

The endorsement and trust that leaders receive from the general public.

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Negotiation and accommodation

The ability of leaders to settle differences and work collaboratively with various groups.

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Conspicuous Consumption

The spending of resources on lavish goods to display wealth.

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All-India view

A comprehensive perspective that considers the needs and interests of the entire country.

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Drain of Resources

The unilateral transfer of financial resources from India to Britain.

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Colonial State Role

The state's active involvement in maintaining colonial interests.

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Lack of State Support

Denial of support for Indian industry and agriculture under colonial rule.

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Free Trade Policy

Policy imposed by the colonial state preventing tariffs to protect Indian industries.

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Inadequate Tariff Protection

Minimal and ineffective tariffs granted under pressure after 1918.

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Currency Manipulation

Government action favoring British industry over India’s own.

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Public Revenue Usage

Most of India's revenues were used for British administration and military.

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Study Notes

Contemporary India: An Introduction

  • India's journey as a large democracy is rich and inspiring.
  • This book, following a best-seller, analyzes India's post-independence challenges and successes.
  • It examines the framing of the Constitution, Nehruvian policies, and foreign policy development.
  • The book explores contentious issues like partisan politics, the Punjab problem, and anti-caste movements.
  • A crucial analysis of communalism and the use of state power in its promotion is included.
  • The fall of the NDA and rise of the UPA, alongside the Indo-US Nuclear Deal, are significant turning points discussed.
  • Comprehensive analyses of economic reforms (since 1991), land reforms, and the Green Revolution are detailed.
  • Profiles of key leaders (e.g., Nehru, Indira Gandhi, JP, Shastri, Rajiv Gandhi, VP Singh, Vajpayee, and Manmohan Singh) are presented.
  • Critics and scholars recognized the complexities of Indian development, emphasizing the fragility of political stability and the need for structural reforms.
  • The crucial role of political leadership for India's survival and growth is highlighted.
  • India's early leaders were dedicated and popular figures who effectively communicated national objectives.
  • Leaders emphasized democratic institutions and popular support for legitimacy.
  • The colonial legacy profoundly impacted India's post-independence development.
  • The transformation, while having some positive aspects (e.g., railway development), led to underdevelopment due to a system of subordination.
  • The colonial economic structure perpetuated poverty and dependence on Britain (economic subordination).
  • Colonialism caused a financial drain of India's resources through excess exports over imports ("Drain").

Colonial Legacy: Basic Features

  • Complex Integration: India's economy became integrated with global capitalism, but in a subservient manner.
  • Subordination: India's economic interests were subservient to Britain's, from the 1750s onwards.
  • Drain: A significant transfer of India's financial resources and potential capital to Britain. Estimated at 5-10% of India's national income.
  • State Role: The colonial state played a crucial role in shaping the economy, often prioritizing British interests.
  • Economic Neglect: Limited support for Indian industries and agriculture in contrast to the state support seen in other capitalist nations.
  • Free Trade: The colonial state enforced free trade policies, hindering Indian industries.
  • Currency Manipulation: Currency policy favored British industries.
  • Limited Social Spending: The colonial state minimized investment in social infrastructure (e.g., education, sanitation).

National Movement & Legacy

  • The national movement shaped India's vision and ideology.
  • Values and ideals drawn from the movement inspired post-independence nation-building.
  • Mass mobilization played a crucial role in the national movement.
  • The movement's secular principles were enshrined in the Constitution.
  • While sometimes facing challenges, the national movement emphasized secularism as an important pillar of the nation.
  • The national movement recognized India as a nation-in-the-making.

Political Leadership

  • The leadership's configuration and development influenced India's survival and growth as a nation.
  • Leaders instilled confidence and faith in the people and democratic institutions.
  • They were able to negotiate and accommodate diverse interests.

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