Contemporary Art: Elements and Principles

CPAR - Contemporary Art

• Art made and produced by artists living today.

ELEMENTS OF ART

• Tools artists use to create art.

Line

• A path that a point takes through space.
• Horizontal lines are generally restful.
• Vertical lines seem reaching, inspirational.
• Diagonal lines tend to be disturbing and suggest decay or chaos.

Shape

• An outline or outward appearance of something.
• Shape is two-dimensional with length and width.

Geometry

• Type of shape with smooth, even, and measurable edges.

Organic

• Type of shape with more complicated edges found in nature.

Form

• This is a shape that becomes three-dimensional with height, width, and depth.

Value

• The lightness or darkness of a color that comes from a light source.

Color

• Represented by ROYGBIV (Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet.)
• Primary colors are red, yellow, and blue.
• Secondary colors include orange (red + yellow), violet (red + blue), and green (yellow + blue).
• Tertiary colors include red-orange, yellow-green, and blue-green.
• Analogous colors are two or more colors that are side by side on the color wheel.
• Complementary colors are two colors on opposite sides of the color wheel in a straight line.
• Split complementary color is the color across from it on the wheel is its complementary color.
• Triadic color is three colors evenly spaced on the color wheel.
• Monochromatic art is created using just one color.
• Tint is color plus white.
• Shade is color plus black.

Texture

• Refers to the feel or appearance of a surface.
• Tactile texture actually feels like the object.
• Implied texture looks like the object feels.

Space

• Includes foreground, middle ground, and background.
• Shallow space has limited depth.
• Deep space has a deep imagination.

Painting

• The process of applying color on a flat surface.

Forms of Painting

• Easels are upright supports used to display art at a 20° angle used to display finished paintings.
• Murals are artwork painted or applied directly on a wall, ceiling, or other permanent surface.
• Telon paintings are backdrops or backgrounds for the stage.
• Jeepney & calesa paintings cover logos, numbers, or paintings near the driver's seat and adjacent seats.
• Collages entail cutting and pasting materials such as paper or fabric onto a surface.

Themes of Painting

• Genre painting depicts people in everyday activities.
• Historical painting is the composition of human figures depicting a scene from history.
• Interior shows the painting of space inside a part of a house or building.
• Landscape artworks portray natural scenery or urban scenes.
• Portrait work focuses on portraying sub-genres specific to individuals.

Categories of Portrait

• Full length: Full-body portraits.
• Half length: Upper half.
• Three-quarter length: 3/4 length.
• Kit cat: Less than half.
• Bust portrait: Head to chest.
• Full face.
• Tronie is focused on facial expressions or the emotions of the face.
• Nudes portray the unclothed human figure.
• Religious artworks include paintings like "The Last Supper."
• Still life depicts inanimate and everyday objects, such as flowers, food, dead animals, plants, books, jewelry, and vases.

SCULPTURES

• Free-standing sculptures are those that can independently stand in space and have a flat horizontal base.
• Relief sculptures have sculpted elements attached to a solid background of the same materials.
  • Low or bas relief sculptures feature shadows and details that are less pronounced.
  • High relief sculptures include shadows and depth which create a more dramatic and three-dimensional appearance.
• Kinetic sculpture has movable parts activated by motor, wind, hand pressure, or other means.
• Assemblage sculptures are created by gathering and putting together different materials, including found objects.
• Welded sculpture is made using welding techniques.
• Symbolic sculpture uses shapes, colors, and images to communicate a symbolic message. Abdulmari Imao creates Four contemporary series of the okir.
• Modeling: Modeled sculptures are created when a soft or malleable material, such as clay, is built using an armature and then shaped to create a form.
• Casting: is Made from material that is melted down
• Assembling: uses a variety of materials of any kind of objects to make a composition
• Carving: involves using tools to shape a form by cutting/ scraping away from a solid material such as walls

Visual Arts

• Advertising art utilizes paid media space to inform and influence the public.
• Bamboo art is made of bamboo for everyday use, decoration, or ornaments.
• Basketry involves making interwoven objects, usually containers, from flexible vegetable fibers.
• Book design structures and reproduces bound pages filled with text and images.
• Costumes are garments, hairstyles, and accessories worn by individuals.
• Embroidery is the process of forming decorative designs with hand or machine needlework.
• Food art involves the artistic packaging and presentation of food and enriching food.
• Furniture includes decorative/ functional objects typically found in a public or private dwelling/ building.
• Comics use images to express ideas, combined with text or other visual information.
• Editorial cartoons, also known as political cartoons, are illustrations related to events or personalities.
• Leaf art is used in religious rituals, food wrapping, and modern artistic expression.
• Mat weaving involves plating strips of organic fibers into mats.
• Metal craft is art made of metals.
• Paper art includes folk paper art, such as taka and higante from Angono, parol, pastillas wrappings, and kites.
• Personal ornaments are objects or jewelry worn on the human body.
• Photography is the process of producing images using a light-sensitive chemical plate or film. It is a useful medium for artists.
• Tattoo art is a body adornment engraved on the skin, using a sharp instrument, plant dyes, or ink.
• Textile Weaving: Weaving is the process of interlacing vertical and horizontal threads at right angles to create a textile. Textiles may be plain or decorated by dyes, embroidery, and applique.

GENCHEM - KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY

• States that matter is composed of a large number of tiny molecules or ions.
• Matter is composed of tiny particles always in motion.
• Liquids possess nearly incompressible fluid conforming their container's shape. They lack definite shape/volume. The particles have more freedom than solids with weak bonds.
• Solids exhibit structural rigidity and resistance to force applied to the surface.
• Solids have a definite shape and volume with tightly bound atoms and no freedom of motion; they have high density and are virtually incompressible.

2 Kinds of Forces / Attractions

• Intramolecular forces hold atoms together within a molecule.
• Intermolecular forces exist between molecules.
  • Intermolecular forces of attraction are weaker than intramolecular forces.
  • Determine the physical properties of molecules.
• Dipole-dipole forces (2 molecules) are attractive forces between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule.
• Ion-dipole forces are attractive forces from electrostatic attraction between an ion and a neutral molecule with a dipole.
• Hydrogen bonding is a special dipole-dipole interaction that occurs only when molecules have a highly electronegative atom directly bonded to a hydrogen atom.
• London dispersion forces are the weakest intermolecular force, existing between all types of molecules.
  • The dispersion force is stronger with more electrons, creating temporary attraction.
• Ion-ion forces arise from electrostatic attraction between two ions of opposite charges. Larger charges and closer distances result in stronger attraction.
• Capillary action/capillarity is the result of intermolecular attraction between liquid and solid materials.
• Cohesion is the attraction between like molecules.
• Adhesion is an attraction between unlike molecules.
• Surface tension measures energy to stretch or increase the surface of a unit area. It causes the surface to contract and resist external forces.
• Viscosity is the measure of a liquid's resistance to flow.
  • High viscosity indicates stronger intermolecular force.
  • Liquids with low force allows the molecules to move.
• Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with the liquid or solid of the same substance. The weaker the attractive forces, the higher the vapor pressure.
• Molar heat of vaporization is energy required to change a substance from liquid to gas. This measures the strength of intermolecular forces in a liquid.
• Boiling point is the temperature at which the liquid changes into a gas, related to the molar heat of vaporization. As strength increases, melting and boiling points increase.

Solid States

• Crystalline solids have ordered structures with atoms in periodic, three-dimensional patterns called crystal lattices.
• Amorphous solids have random, irregular atomic structures with no orderly arrangement.
• Heating curves are graphical representations that correlate heat input with temperature and determine melting/boiling points of a substance.
• Cooling curves are line graphs that show the change of phase of matter.
• 3 Ps refer to Plateau, Phase change, and Potential Energy Change. Phase diagrams are a graphical representation of physical states under temperature and pressure.
• Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of 2+ substances.
• Solutes are substances dissolved in a solution.
• Solvents have the ability to dissolve and form a solution.
• Concentration is the number of solute in a given solvent.
• Dilute solutions have a relatively small amount of solute dissolved in a large amount of solvent.

Ways to Express Concentration In Solution

• Percent by mass: (Mass of solute (g) / Mass of solution (g)) x 100
• Percent by volume: (Volume of solute (mL) / Volume of solution (mL)) x 100
• Percent by mass/volume: (mass of solute (g) / Volume of solution (mL)) x 100
• Molarity (mol/L): M = Moles of solute / Liters of solution
• Molality (mol/kg): m = Moles of solute / kg of solvent.

Colligative Properties

• Depends on the number of solute particles.
• from the Latin, coligare which means "tied together".
• Boiling Point Elevation occurs the boiling point is increased when adding a compound.
  • dependent on the solute-to-solvent ratio, not solute.
  • ΔΤ = km
• Freezing Point Depression occurs when lowered or depressed by another compound
  • ΔΤ = K f m
• Electrolytes conduct an electric current.
• Non-Electrolytes do not conduct an electric current.
• Endothermic Reactions (Endo = internal) absorb heat.
• Exothermic Reactions (Exo = External) release heat.
• Open systems exhibit heat and mass transfer.
• Non-Isolated, closed systems transfer heat with no mass transfer.

Enthalpy

• A measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system - energy transferred under pressure.
• Represented by the symbol H.
• Enthalpy of elements in standard state at 298K= zero.
• ΔΗ = ΣΔΗ°f (products) − Σ ΔΗ°f (reactants)

GENBIO - GENETIC ENGINEERING

• Targeted addition of a foreign gene or genes into an organism's genome, altering its characteristics.
• New genes, or transgenes, are inserted into a plant by transformation.
• A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity.
• Genome: the organism's ensemble of genes.

Steps In Genetic Engineering

• DNA Extraction: Scientists extract DNA for manipulation, extracting it from the targeted organism.
• Gene Cloning: Separating the single gene of interest from others and making copies.
• Gene Design: Genetic engineers design genes to work inside a different organism.
• Transformation/Gene Insertion: Techniques used to insert the designed gene into cells.
• Backcross Breeding: The desired traits of parents crossed with a transgene into a single line.
• The offspring are crossed to obtain a high-yielding transgenic line.

GE Techniques

• Plasmid Insertion: Foreign DNA is introduced into a host cell via a plasmid carrier with an "origin of replication."
• CRISPR-Cas9: Edits genes by cutting DNA and harnessing DNA repair processes to modify it.
  • Composed of Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) and Guide RNA.
  • Cas9 cuts DNA at a location specified by Guide RNA.
  • CRISPR-Cas9 Procedure:
    • Targeting: Find the sequence of the genome
    • Binding: Cas9 unzips the DNA double helix and examines the 20 nucleotide. Cas9 binds to the PAM
    • Cleaving: cuts the DNA and generates a double-stranded break
    • Repairing: is fixed by either homology-directed repair (HDR) or nonhomologous.
• Advantages of GE: Can treat and prevent complex diseases, survive in harsh environments, and has potential to correct inherited conditions.
• Disadvantages of GE: Loss of diversity and economic dependence.
• Soil and Pest Resistance Issues.

The Geologic Time Scale

• Distinguishes Earth's history based on life-forms from certain times since the planet's formation. Without fossils, geologists might not have established that humanity as we know it has a past.
• Period: The basic unit when rock is produced.
• Epoch: A subdivision that some periods have.
• Era: Periods are compacted together, according to their characteristics, to create the era.
• Eon: "eras" grouped together.
• Precambrian Era encompasses the longest era where the developed continents our modern atmosphere and soft-bodied creatures like worms and jellyfish lived in the world's oceans
• HADEAN EON which is the solidification of the earth's continental and oceanic crust
• ARCHEAN EON evolution of earth's first life forms
• PROTEROZOIC EON appearance of multi-celled animals gathering of land masses to form continents.
• PALEOZOIC (ancient life) primitive life included many invertebrates, fish and amphibians.
• CAMBRIAN PERIOD first amphibians forests and mass extinction of marine species

Middle and End Of Geologic Time

• ORDOVICIAN PERIOD trilobites mass extinction
• SILURIAN PERIOD plant and fish
• DEVONIAN PERIOD- forests and amphibians
• CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD Mississippian Formation
• PERMIAN PERIOD reptiles
• MESOZOIC dinosaurs birds Pangaea Angiosperms End with asteroid
• TRIASSIC PERIOD mammals dinosaurs Pangaea
• JURASSIC PERIOD dinosaurs reptiles
• CRETACEOUS PERIOD mammals and flowering plants CENOZOIC (of mammals) mammals, the geological era, primates
• ARTIFICIAL humans consciously selecting for specific organisms

Natural Selection

• This explains how species adapt to their environments.
• Offspring with favorable traits survive.
• Genetic Drift: Some individuals leave behind a few descendants.
• Mutation: A change in DNA.
• Recombination is the pairs of chromosomes swap DNA formation
• All organisms share ancestors and accumulate differences over time, with species changing, giving rise to new ones, sharing common ancestry.
• Fossil Record: Fossils in rocks show the descent from more complex forms.
• Structure: Structures compare lineage.
  • Homologous Structure: evolved from a common ancestor.
  • Analogous Structure: performs the same function, but of bones
  • Vestigial Structure attributes recent species.

EMBRIOLOGY

• Study of a development of a an embryo to its form.
  • During The embryo stage Common structures appear
• MOLECULAR BIOLOGY. Similar molecules are in organisms that come from common ancestors
• Biogeography: Provides species to the past.
• Lamarck:
  • Organisms in environment changed.
  • Offspring organs improved.
• Darwin: -inherited through behavior.
  • Traits helped species survive.
• Systematic: Biological diversity in organisms
• The description, and Taxonomy species
• Taxon: classification system
• Taxa: A group referring to any level.

PHYLOGENETICS

• Studies genetics among species
  • Studies in classification of life.
• Organisms classified by characteristics. The system has hierarchy.

Kingdoms

• The first classification system.
• Animalia
• Fungi
• Eubacteria
• Plantae
• Protista
• Archaebacteria
• Phylum: Division of kingdom.
• Class: Division of phylum.
• Order: Division of order. Famil Division of family. These can be broad or more specific ones:
• The history shown as ancestors or common.
• Clade: Grouping includes common ancestors.
• Cladistics: This help species relationships in ancestors. Distances are evolutionary.
• Traits of shared ancestrally or distantly. Traits of ancestors are passed

Additional Bio Terminology

• Derived Traits evolved.
• Outgroup: used as comparison.

GENPHY - Electricity

• From Greek, word "electron" or amber: ancients used it.
• Atoms: particles primarily influencing properties.

Laws of Charges

• Like charges repel. Opposites attract.
• Conductors allow charge to go within.
• Semiconductors are intermittent property of good and non-good.
• Superconductors are excellent at low temperatures.
• Insulators have charges that do not have movement.

Elements of Energy

• Electric Potential Energy (symbol Ue): Energy stored in a system due to the position of charges in an electric field.
• Joules (J):The measurement of force.
• Electric Potential is the potential energy and Volt (V).
• Capacitor: Component which has the ability or capacity to store energy in the form of an electric charge.

PAGSULAT

PAGSULAT (translation: WRITING)

• Written translation, symbols, and opinions
• Writing: Physical and mental activities for objectives.
• Writing: a way to present good vocabulary.
• Writing: needed for writers.
• Cognitive: mental and interactive.
• Cognition: way you see writing.
• Dimensions in personal beliefs.
• Oral dimension is writing in your tone.
• It is visual in words to the author used.
• Expressive writing is for express
• Transactions in interacting in a group
• Informative to give information.
• Persuasive writings to describe opinions
• Narrative to express.

Writing Types

• Academic writing.
• Technical writing.
• Journalistic writing
• Professional writing.

Writing

• Accurate, objectiveness
• Proper alignment of information
• Has start middle end
• It brings information not to delight.
• Nature is used to show and use science correctly.
• One must be evident to discipline and support evidence. Balance must have no view.

Aspect

• Complex with language.
• It is grammatical. More formal.
• Accurate with data used to the subject not personal.
• Explicit to give details, vocabulary, facts, and be responsible.

Writing to:

• Persuade.
• Help information.
• Analytically

Uses

• Develop skill writers.
• Enhance skills
• Helps see what readers see.
• Help write what readers want.
• Give profession.

Main:

• Synthesis.
• Summary
• Abstract.
• Speeches.
• Review.
• Essay.
• Personal statements

Must be

• neutral tone and brief with subject
• has an opinion.

Writing a review

1. Syntax, put something together.
2. Writing from something learned in literature.
3. Formal on stage. To display something.

Speech to display

URI (Translation: Type

• Give information to speaker
• Explain from the beginning.
• Be clear with word.

Types

• Improv, big word
• Extemporaneous and narrow
• To have good points

What to keep in mind.

• Tone
• Clarity
• Ways to persuade
• Use the writing with word and limit
• An abstract is made to show the writer with
• Can be found when using Koopman.
• The writing should be background
• Give information or to know the information
• The writer need to to state is important, a problem results

When writing.

• Write the topic from beginning of information.
• Give reason why it is been research

The writer Needs

• To give what information
• Explain methods
• Give a description
• The review to see good
• Description on everything needs for the topic with events.

One Has To have

• The topic
• Hook to attract
• Theme for the writing
• A view of everything and be organized
• An overview of everything

The Result Should

• be understandable
• be easy to access
• The essay should be pictures
• Have title and the subject
• Has and understanding.

ROBOTICS - Program

• Specific task perform.
• a commands.
• Transducer device - Converts power

Types

• Sensors receive signal
• Converts stimulus.

Gas:

• To send gas.
• IR, to detect temperature, will PIR also. Resistors like light, which actions
• Actuate by converting action .

DC Motors/LED/RGB

• A diode to send electricity to blend multiple colors
• Piezo, is vibrates.

LCD/VIbrate = The display by liquid to vibrate signal

• Analog with values
• Digital with the is high.
• Arduino platform of hardware. has -Microcontroller
• Computer system control

Arduino Anatomy

• Digital, power for components.
• Pin start prototyping. -Power shows if is receiving
• The brain to receive instructions, is the microcontroller.

Power to connect input and what is between.

• The USB load for data IDE.
• Press of the button.
• The capacity of what it does.
• It derives electricity with electrons Is a path to what is given

Parallel circuits

• are energy which gives current
• Ampere, to tell the flow
• It is voltage and the ability to resist.

When a signal is high.

• Light emits when low
• Resistance controls the flow.
• Has a schematic diagraph

Physical Education

• BOWLING

History

• Bowling traced back to Ancient Egyptian pins and stones 5,000 years ago.

How the Game is Composed

• The ball in pound ranges is between 6-16.
• The pin sizes are 15 inches.
• Bowling lane measurements are 60 in length.
• Feet for people to be walking.

Rules

• One must have 2 chances. Not to cross
• Strike when the ball is full
• If knocked down is two parts.
• Must knock the pins using both balls.

Point system

• A range of 10 in full.
• perfect score is hitting them all

CHESS

• Originated in India over the 15th century
• The game is for higher society.
• A Game with 64 squares
• Two people and a board. Has 16 pieces.
• Move in line horizontal.
• Bisphos have diagonals.
• knights, shape of L.
• Queen combination is a rock. The King only moves one square
• Pawns can one diagonal
• Castling you can make multiple moves.