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Consumer theory studies how people decide to spend their money based on their individual ______ and budget constraints.
Consumer theory studies how people decide to spend their money based on their individual ______ and budget constraints.
preferences
Individuals aim for ______ maximization when making purchasing decisions.
Individuals aim for ______ maximization when making purchasing decisions.
utility
People exhibit ______ when they want to consume more and are seldom satisfied with their purchases.
People exhibit ______ when they want to consume more and are seldom satisfied with their purchases.
non-satiation
As consumption increases, the ______ of utility decreases, indicating less satisfaction with additional units.
As consumption increases, the ______ of utility decreases, indicating less satisfaction with additional units.
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The ______ effect refers to how consumers adjust their purchasing patterns due to price changes.
The ______ effect refers to how consumers adjust their purchasing patterns due to price changes.
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The ______ effect refers to the change in purchasing power experienced by consumers due to price changes.
The ______ effect refers to the change in purchasing power experienced by consumers due to price changes.
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Giffen goods are exceptional cases where consumption may ______ when prices increase due to a strong income effect.
Giffen goods are exceptional cases where consumption may ______ when prices increase due to a strong income effect.
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Demand is effective only when it is backed by ______ power and willingness to buy.
Demand is effective only when it is backed by ______ power and willingness to buy.
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The law of demand shows the relation between price and quantity ______ of a commodity in the market.
The law of demand shows the relation between price and quantity ______ of a commodity in the market.
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When the income of the buyer increases, that could also increase ______.
When the income of the buyer increases, that could also increase ______.
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If demand doesn't change much, regardless of price, that's known as ______ demand.
If demand doesn't change much, regardless of price, that's known as ______ demand.
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When income falls, so will ______.
When income falls, so will ______.
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The price of complementary goods raises the cost of using the product you demand, so you'll want ______.
The price of complementary goods raises the cost of using the product you demand, so you'll want ______.
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When the price of a substitute rises, people will want ______ of the good or service.
When the price of a substitute rises, people will want ______ of the good or service.
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If the quantity demanded responds a lot to price, then it's known as ______ demand.
If the quantity demanded responds a lot to price, then it's known as ______ demand.
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The first pint of ice cream tastes delicious, but as you consume more, the marginal utility starts to ______.
The first pint of ice cream tastes delicious, but as you consume more, the marginal utility starts to ______.
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When the public's desires change in favor of a product, the quantity demanded increases due to changing ______.
When the public's desires change in favor of a product, the quantity demanded increases due to changing ______.
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When people expect that the value of something will rise, they tend to demand more, indicating the importance of ______.
When people expect that the value of something will rise, they tend to demand more, indicating the importance of ______.
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Brand advertising aims to increase the ______ for consumer goods.
Brand advertising aims to increase the ______ for consumer goods.
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The number of consumers in the market influences the overall market ______.
The number of consumers in the market influences the overall market ______.
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In economics, we define the demand ______ of a commodity with respect to its price.
In economics, we define the demand ______ of a commodity with respect to its price.
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Price elasticity of demand is defined as the ratio of the percentage of change in the quantity demanded to a change in ______.
Price elasticity of demand is defined as the ratio of the percentage of change in the quantity demanded to a change in ______.
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A substitute product can affect demand when its price is ______ than that of the original product.
A substitute product can affect demand when its price is ______ than that of the original product.
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The first step in modeling consumer demand is to identify the most important determinants of ______.
The first step in modeling consumer demand is to identify the most important determinants of ______.
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Income Elasticity of Demand measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded with respect to a change in the level of ______.
Income Elasticity of Demand measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded with respect to a change in the level of ______.
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Cross Elasticity measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to changes in ______ of other goods.
Cross Elasticity measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to changes in ______ of other goods.
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The cross price elasticity for substitutes is ______.
The cross price elasticity for substitutes is ______.
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The relationship between advertising expenditure and sales is generally ______ beyond a minimum level of sales.
The relationship between advertising expenditure and sales is generally ______ beyond a minimum level of sales.
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In a budget constraint line, the combination of two goods that are affordable is determined by consumer ______.
In a budget constraint line, the combination of two goods that are affordable is determined by consumer ______.
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Total Utility refers to the ______ derived from consumer choices.
Total Utility refers to the ______ derived from consumer choices.
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Short-run consumption decisions are constrained by existing household assets, personal commitments, and ______.
Short-run consumption decisions are constrained by existing household assets, personal commitments, and ______.
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The timeframe for consumption decisions can differentiate between short-run and ______ decisions.
The timeframe for consumption decisions can differentiate between short-run and ______ decisions.
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Short-run demand curves are easier to develop because they estimate demand in the near ______
Short-run demand curves are easier to develop because they estimate demand in the near ______
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Decisions affecting consumption far enough into the future are called ______ decisions.
Decisions affecting consumption far enough into the future are called ______ decisions.
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Long-run price elasticities for a product are generally of higher ______ than their short-run counterparts.
Long-run price elasticities for a product are generally of higher ______ than their short-run counterparts.
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Price discrimination is a selling strategy that charges customers different ______ for the same product or service.
Price discrimination is a selling strategy that charges customers different ______ for the same product or service.
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In pure price discrimination, the seller charges each customer the maximum price he or she will ______.
In pure price discrimination, the seller charges each customer the maximum price he or she will ______.
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First-degree price discrimination captures all available consumer ______ for the seller.
First-degree price discrimination captures all available consumer ______ for the seller.
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With price discrimination, the company identifies different market segments with different price ______.
With price discrimination, the company identifies different market segments with different price ______.
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Short-run analyses are feasible for analysts working for businesses that need to estimate ______.
Short-run analyses are feasible for analysts working for businesses that need to estimate ______.
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Study Notes
Consumer Theory
- Consumers make calculated decisions to maximize utility (satisfaction) when shopping.
- People are always looking to consume more and gain further satisfaction.
- Satisfaction from consumption decreases with every additional unit consumed (decreasing marginal utility).
Substitution Effect
- The substitution effect occurs when the price of a good changes and consumers adjust their consumption to maintain a balance between the marginal utility and the price of goods.
Income Effect
- The income effect is the change in purchasing power resulting from price changes and substitutions.
Giffen Goods
- Giffen goods are an exception to the law of demand, where consumption increases with an increase in price.
- This occurs due to a strong income effect that outweighs the substitution effect.
Demand
- Demand represents the desire for a good or service backed by purchasing power and willingness to buy.
- Demand is influenced by price, quantity demanded, and time.
Law of Demand
- The law of demand states that as the price of a good increases, the quantity demanded decreases, and vice versa.
Determinants of Demand
- Price: As price increases, demand decreases (and vice versa). Elasticity refers to how much demand is affected by price changes.
- Income: Higher income generally leads to increased demand, but the effect can vary depending on the good/service.
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Prices of related goods:
- Complementary goods: When the price of a complementary good increases, demand for the main good decreases (e.g., coffee and creamer).
- Substitute goods: When the price of a substitute good increases, demand for the main good increases (e.g., iPhone vs. Android phone).
- Tastes: Changes in preferences or desires for a product can affect demand.
- Expectations: Expectations about future price changes can influence current demand.
- Number of buyers: An increase in the number of buyers in the market leads to increased demand.
Elasticity of Demand
- The elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of demand to changes in a variable like price.
Types of Demand Elasticities
- Price Elasticity of Demand: Measures the sensitivity of demand to price changes.
- Income Elasticity of Demand: Measures the sensitivity of demand to changes in consumer income.
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Cross Elasticity of Demand: Measures the sensitivity of demand for one good to changes in the price of another good.
- Substitute goods: Cross elasticity of demand is negative.
- Complementary goods: Cross elasticity of demand is positive.
- Promotional (Advertising) Elasticity of Demand: Measures the effect of advertising expenditure on sales.
Consumption Decisions
- Consumption decisions are influenced by factors like budget constraints, total utility, and timeframes.
Short-Run Consumption Decisions
- Short-run decisions are made when consumption is constrained by existing assets, commitments, and knowledge.
Long-Run Consumption Decisions
- Long-run decisions allow for adjustments in consumption patterns over a longer time horizon, taking into account potential changes.
Price Discrimination
- Price discrimination involves charging different customers different prices for the same product or service based on their perceived willingness to pay.
- First-degree price discrimination (perfect price discrimination): The seller charges each customer the maximum price they are willing to pay.
Types of Price Discrimination
- First-degree price discrimination: Charges the maximum price for each unit consumed, capturing all consumer surplus.
- Second-degree price discrimination: Charges different prices based on the quantity consumed (e.g., bulk discounts).
- Third-degree price discrimination: Divides customers into groups based on attributes (e.g., student discounts) and charges different prices to each group.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of consumer behavior, including utility maximization, the substitution effect, and income effect. Understand the unique case of Giffen goods and their impact on demand. Test your knowledge of these key economic principles.
