Constructing Nouns and Adjectives

Constructing Nouns or Adjectives

• Use suffixes such as -ness, -ship, -hood, -dom to form nouns
• Use prefixes such as Mal-, Bi-, Mono-, Trans- to modify word meanings
• "-ness" forms nouns referring to a state or quality (e.g., happiness, sadness, boldness, kindness)
• "-ship" often forms nouns referring to a state, condition, or quality (e.g., friendship, partnership, membership, leadership)
• "-hood" forms nouns referring to a condition or state (e.g., childhood, neighborhood, motherhood, likelihood)
• "-dom" forms nouns referring to a realm, state, or condition (e.g., freedom, kingdom, wisdom, stardom)
• "Mal-" often denotes "bad" or "wrong" (e.g., malfunction, malpractice, malevolent, malodorous)
• "Bi-" means "two," "twice," or "double" (e.g., bicycle, bilingual, bilateral, bimonthly)
• "Mono-" means "one," "single" (e.g., monochrome, monopoly, monolingual, monologue)
• "Trans-" means "across," "beyond," or "through" (e.g., transport, transform, transcontinental, transparent)

Using Appropriate Word Forms with Prefixes or Suffixes

• Fill in blanks with appropriate word forms, modified by prefixes or suffixes
• Her mother did not like her friendship with the neighbor's daughter.
• The students were satisfied with their result.
• The doctor examined the patient carefully.
• The Taj Mahal is famous for its beauty.
• Please lock the door.
• Don't be unkind.
• The boy failed because he was irregular.
• I need to renew my expired license.

Dialogue Construction

• A dialogue involves conversation between two or more people
• Casual dialogue example: Friends meeting at a restaurant catching up.
• Telephone conversation between leaders: a dialogue addressing political issues.

Indirect Speech (Reported Speech)

• Change direct speech into indirect speech, adjusting verb tenses and pronouns
• Direct: The Principal said, "Work hard if you want to pass."
• Indirect: The Principal told the boys to work hard if they wanted to pass.
• Direct: He said, "Why have you not washed my school dress?"
• Indirect: He asked his mother why she had not washed his school dress.
• Direct: The boy said, "I am late because my father is ill."
• Indirect: The boy said that he was late because his father was ill.
• Direct: He said, "I can do the work alone."
• Indirect: He said that he could do the work alone.
• Direct: The Hermit said, "God bless you, my son!"
• Indirect: The Hermit prayed that God would bless me.
• Direct: Leela said, "My God! I am ruined."
• Indirect: Leela exclaimed that she was ruined.
• Direct: I said, "Your children have spoiled my garden."
• Indirect: I told my neighbor that his children had spoiled my garden.
• Direct: They said, "Hurrah! We have won the match."
• Indirect: They exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.

Passive Voice

• Change the structure of a sentence to emphasize the action rather than the actor
• Instructions for cooking rice as an example
• Purchase good quality of rice from the market.
• Unseal the packet.
• Wash the rice in the clean water.
• Put it in a pot which is half filled with water.
• Place it on the fire.
• Leave it there for some time to boil.
• When all the water is gone, take it off the fire.
• Enjoy hot rice with Dal.

Passage in Passive Voice

• Good quality of rice is purchased from the market.
• The packet is unsealed.
• The rice is washed in clean water.
• It is put in a pot which is half-filled with water.
• Then it is placed on the fire.
• It is left there for some time and allowed to boil.
• When all the water is gone, it is taken off the fire.
• Hot rice is enjoyed with Dal.