Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are constitutional signs and symptoms?
What are constitutional signs and symptoms?
- Symptoms affecting a specific organ
- A group of symptoms that can affect many different systems of the body that require further evaluation (correct)
- Symptoms caused by an infectious disease
- Symptoms that are purely psychological and have no physical basis
Which of the following are examples of constitutional signs and symptoms? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are examples of constitutional signs and symptoms? (Select all that apply)
- Unexplained weight loss (correct)
- Unexplained fever (correct)
- Skin rash
- Exercise induced fatigue
The hypothalamus is the master gland that regulates body temperature.
The hypothalamus is the master gland that regulates body temperature.
True (A)
What is the gold standard for measuring body temperature?
What is the gold standard for measuring body temperature?
What is the accepted normal body temperature for a healthy adult?
What is the accepted normal body temperature for a healthy adult?
What is the accepted body temperature range?
What is the accepted body temperature range?
What is hyperthermia defined as?
What is hyperthermia defined as?
What is heat exhaustion defined as?
What is heat exhaustion defined as?
Which of the following are signs and symptoms of heat stroke? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are signs and symptoms of heat stroke? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion? (Select all that apply)
What is hypothermia defined as?
What is hypothermia defined as?
How many degrees below the body's core temperature is considered hypothermia?
How many degrees below the body's core temperature is considered hypothermia?
Match the following components of a pulse with its corresponding description.
Match the following components of a pulse with its corresponding description.
What is the normal heart rate of a person?
What is the normal heart rate of a person?
What heart rate is considered tachycardia in a person?
What heart rate is considered tachycardia in a person?
What heart rate is defined as bradycardia in a person?
What heart rate is defined as bradycardia in a person?
How is heart rate measured?
How is heart rate measured?
Which of the following statements is true regarding heart rate and left ventricular contractions?
Which of the following statements is true regarding heart rate and left ventricular contractions?
Do changes in vagal tone help maintain healthy gas exchange?
Do changes in vagal tone help maintain healthy gas exchange?
Match the following respiratory phases with their effects on heart rate:
Match the following respiratory phases with their effects on heart rate:
The direction of the conduction system from start to finish is the SA node, then AV node, then Bundle of His, then finally Purkinje fibers.
The direction of the conduction system from start to finish is the SA node, then AV node, then Bundle of His, then finally Purkinje fibers.
A small and weak pulse can mean a person has decreased stroke volume and increased peripheral resistance.
A small and weak pulse can mean a person has decreased stroke volume and increased peripheral resistance.
Which of the following is associated with a large and bounding pulse amplitude?
Which of the following is associated with a large and bounding pulse amplitude?
Match the following descriptions of heart valves when it comes to pulse amplitude
Match the following descriptions of heart valves when it comes to pulse amplitude
Which of these conditions can cause changes in pulse amplitude? (Select all that apply)
Which of these conditions can cause changes in pulse amplitude? (Select all that apply)
What condition is also known as Buerger disease?
What condition is also known as Buerger disease?
What is Buerger's disease primarily characterized by?
What is Buerger's disease primarily characterized by?
Match the following demographics with their capillary refill time:
Match the following demographics with their capillary refill time:
You should blanch the nails for 5 seconds to test for capillary refill.
You should blanch the nails for 5 seconds to test for capillary refill.
Capillary refill is diminished in which of the following conditions? (Select all that apply)
Capillary refill is diminished in which of the following conditions? (Select all that apply)
Skin with decreased turgor remains elevated after being pulled up and released.
Skin with decreased turgor remains elevated after being pulled up and released.
A decreased skin turgor test is indicative in patients who are dehydrated and of old age.
A decreased skin turgor test is indicative in patients who are dehydrated and of old age.
Match the following respiratory rates with their definitions:
Match the following respiratory rates with their definitions:
What is the normal respiratory rate for adults?
What is the normal respiratory rate for adults?
What is considered tachypnea in patients?
What is considered tachypnea in patients?
What is considered bradypnea in patients?
What is considered bradypnea in patients?
What is the definition of Cheyne-Stokes abnormal breathing rhythm?
What is the definition of Cheyne-Stokes abnormal breathing rhythm?
What is Ataxic Breathing defined as?
What is Ataxic Breathing defined as?
Match the following abnormal breathing with their pathology:
Match the following abnormal breathing with their pathology:
Match the definitions of the following respiratory amplitude conditions.
Match the definitions of the following respiratory amplitude conditions.
How does a pulse oximeter measure blood oxygen saturation?
How does a pulse oximeter measure blood oxygen saturation?
Match the following blood oxygen saturation rates with their definitions:
Match the following blood oxygen saturation rates with their definitions:
Match the following conditions with their definitions:
Match the following conditions with their definitions:
What is blood pressure defined as?
What is blood pressure defined as?
What is Systolic Pressure?
What is Systolic Pressure?
What does diastolic pressure represent?
What does diastolic pressure represent?
Match the following blood pressure categories with their systolic and diastolic levels:
Match the following blood pressure categories with their systolic and diastolic levels:
What is considered the Gold Standard for measuring blood pressure?
What is considered the Gold Standard for measuring blood pressure?
What is the definition of hypotension?
What is the definition of hypotension?
When taking a person's blood pressure, if there is a 10 mm Hg to 15 mm Hg difference in systole from one arm to the other, then that means there is a decreased risk of peripheral artery disease (PAD).
When taking a person's blood pressure, if there is a 10 mm Hg to 15 mm Hg difference in systole from one arm to the other, then that means there is a decreased risk of peripheral artery disease (PAD).
What is the term used to describe the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures?
What is the term used to describe the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures?
What is the normal pulse pressure range?
What is the normal pulse pressure range?
Match the following 5 stages of Korotkoff sounds to their definitions:
Match the following 5 stages of Korotkoff sounds to their definitions:
What is the first step in taking a patient's blood pressure besides placing the blood pressure cuff on the arm?
What is the first step in taking a patient's blood pressure besides placing the blood pressure cuff on the arm?
What is orthostatic hypotension?
What is orthostatic hypotension?
What values would you see in orthostatic hypotension within 3 minutes of standing?
What values would you see in orthostatic hypotension within 3 minutes of standing?
What term describes the feeling of lightheadedness or the sensation of fainting, especially common when rising from an adjusting table?
What term describes the feeling of lightheadedness or the sensation of fainting, especially common when rising from an adjusting table?
What is the gold standard for diagnosing peripheral arterial disease of the lower extremities?
What is the gold standard for diagnosing peripheral arterial disease of the lower extremities?
Match the following cardiovascular terms with their definitions:
Match the following cardiovascular terms with their definitions:
Valves are bidirectional.
Valves are bidirectional.
What is the term for a normal, open valve that allows blood to flow in a laminar, unobstructed fashion?
What is the term for a normal, open valve that allows blood to flow in a laminar, unobstructed fashion?
The tricuspid valve is on the left side and the bicuspid valve is on the right side.
The tricuspid valve is on the left side and the bicuspid valve is on the right side.
Match the auscultation sites to their location of the heart:
Match the auscultation sites to their location of the heart:
Match the type of auscultatory sound to their definition:
Match the type of auscultatory sound to their definition:
What causes the S1 and S2 heart sounds?
What causes the S1 and S2 heart sounds?
What is the most common cause of death in the U.S.?
What is the most common cause of death in the U.S.?
What are three causes of pleuritic chest pain from the heart? (Select all that apply)
What are three causes of pleuritic chest pain from the heart? (Select all that apply)
What are three potential causes of pleuritic chest pain related to the lungs? (Select all that apply)
What are three potential causes of pleuritic chest pain related to the lungs? (Select all that apply)
What is the definition of coronary artery disease?
What is the definition of coronary artery disease?
Coronary artery disease presents with which of the following symptoms? (Select all that apply)
Coronary artery disease presents with which of the following symptoms? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following symptoms are commonly associated with Myocardial Infarction? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following symptoms are commonly associated with Myocardial Infarction? (Select all that apply)
What is the definition of Levine's sign?
What is the definition of Levine's sign?
Is it true that an aortic dissection is described as a separation of the arterial layers tunica intima from the tunica media?
Is it true that an aortic dissection is described as a separation of the arterial layers tunica intima from the tunica media?
Which of the following present with aortic dissections? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following present with aortic dissections? (Select all that apply)
What are the components of cardiac tamponade, also known as Beck's triad?
What are the components of cardiac tamponade, also known as Beck's triad?
Which of the following statements describes pulsus paradoxus in relation to an aortic dissection?
Which of the following statements describes pulsus paradoxus in relation to an aortic dissection?
Match the presentation of pericarditis:
Match the presentation of pericarditis:
Pericarditis friction rub sounds are due to which of the following?
Pericarditis friction rub sounds are due to which of the following?
Which of the following are common presentations of heart failure? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are common presentations of heart failure? (Select all that apply)
Match the condition with its presentation:
Match the condition with its presentation:
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy is defined as ventricular hypertrophy without chamber dilation, and is most commonly seen in older female adults.
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy is defined as ventricular hypertrophy without chamber dilation, and is most commonly seen in older female adults.
Which of the following are presentations of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are presentations of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? (Select all that apply)
When conducting a peripheral vascular exam on the lower extremity, which two arteries do you palpate?
When conducting a peripheral vascular exam on the lower extremity, which two arteries do you palpate?
Absence of hair or hair loss is common in individuals with which kind of condition?
Absence of hair or hair loss is common in individuals with which kind of condition?
Lymphedema is normally pitting.
Lymphedema is normally pitting.
Which of the following conditions are commonly associated with pitting edema? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following conditions are commonly associated with pitting edema? (Select all that apply)
Which jugular vein contains the body's internal barometer?
Which jugular vein contains the body's internal barometer?
Match the following presentations of the right carotid artery with the internal jugular vein:
Match the following presentations of the right carotid artery with the internal jugular vein:
What is the normal height measurement of the jugular venous pulsation when measured from the height of the venous pulsation to the sternal angle of Louis?
What is the normal height measurement of the jugular venous pulsation when measured from the height of the venous pulsation to the sternal angle of Louis?
Where is the apical impulse located?
Where is the apical impulse located?
What is the definition of precordium?
What is the definition of precordium?
Match the definitions with their palpation sensations:
Match the definitions with their palpation sensations:
When should a percussion heart exam be conducted on a patient?
When should a percussion heart exam be conducted on a patient?
In which patient position are murmurs best heard?
In which patient position are murmurs best heard?
Match the heart sounds with their corresponding descriptions:
Match the heart sounds with their corresponding descriptions:
The carotid pulse will always coincide with the systolic space or directly at S2.
The carotid pulse will always coincide with the systolic space or directly at S2.
Match the heart sounds with their corresponding timing in relation to the carotid pulse:
Match the heart sounds with their corresponding timing in relation to the carotid pulse:
S1 should be heard loudest over which area?
S1 should be heard loudest over which area?
S2 should be heard loudest over which area?
S2 should be heard loudest over which area?
Which of the following conditions can cause an abnormal heart S2 split sound? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following conditions can cause an abnormal heart S2 split sound? (Select all that apply)
An S2 split during exhalation is normal.
An S2 split during exhalation is normal.
Match the heart sound with their condition:
Match the heart sound with their condition:
Why are heart splits considered normal during inhalation?
Why are heart splits considered normal during inhalation?
What is the cause of a gallop in the heart?
What is the cause of a gallop in the heart?
Both S3 and S4 sounds occur during diastole.
Both S3 and S4 sounds occur during diastole.
Match the following heart sounds with their corresponding events:
Match the following heart sounds with their corresponding events:
What event creates the sound heard during an S3 gallop?
What event creates the sound heard during an S3 gallop?
What event creates an S4 gallop?
What event creates an S4 gallop?
Match the following conditions with their associated clinical signs:
Match the following conditions with their associated clinical signs:
What causes an ejection sound during systole when the aortic and pulmonic valves fully open?
What causes an ejection sound during systole when the aortic and pulmonic valves fully open?
Snaps are short and occur with A/V valve opening. Classically, an opening snap is associated with which condition?
Snaps are short and occur with A/V valve opening. Classically, an opening snap is associated with which condition?
What is the significance of a nonejection click in relation to mitral valve prolapse?
What is the significance of a nonejection click in relation to mitral valve prolapse?
Match the following cardiac sounds with their corresponding conditions:
Match the following cardiac sounds with their corresponding conditions:
Which two components are required for a cardiac rub to occur?
Which two components are required for a cardiac rub to occur?
A 2 component cardiac rub still has 3 components to it. Which of the following is the 3rd component of a 2 component cardiac rub?
A 2 component cardiac rub still has 3 components to it. Which of the following is the 3rd component of a 2 component cardiac rub?
Murmurs are sounds created by which of the following?
Murmurs are sounds created by which of the following?
Murmurs are sounds due to vibrations from the flow of turbulent blood through a pathological heart valve, a narrowed chamber, or an unusual connection between chambers.
Murmurs are sounds due to vibrations from the flow of turbulent blood through a pathological heart valve, a narrowed chamber, or an unusual connection between chambers.
Match the following pathological changes to murmurs with when they occur:
Match the following pathological changes to murmurs with when they occur:
Match the following pathological changes to murmurs with when they occur:
Match the following pathological changes to murmurs with when they occur:
Match the part of the stethoscope to the sound you should be listening to:
Match the part of the stethoscope to the sound you should be listening to:
Match the systolic murmur grades with the intensity of the sound:
Match the systolic murmur grades with the intensity of the sound:
Which systolic murmur grades would you have a palpable thrill? (Select all that apply)
Which systolic murmur grades would you have a palpable thrill? (Select all that apply)
Innocent murmurs are common in children.
Innocent murmurs are common in children.
What are the characteristics of an innocent murmur? (Select all that apply)
What are the characteristics of an innocent murmur? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following cardiac pathologies is a chronic condition?
Which of the following cardiac pathologies is a chronic condition?
120/80 mm Hg represents a normal blood pressure reading.
120/80 mm Hg represents a normal blood pressure reading.
A freckle that is less than 1 cm in diameter and NOT palpable is an example of a __________________.
A freckle that is less than 1 cm in diameter and NOT palpable is an example of a __________________.
Herpes simplex 1 (cold sore) and Herpes zoster (shingles) present as which type of lesion?
Herpes simplex 1 (cold sore) and Herpes zoster (shingles) present as which type of lesion?
When exogenous heat raises one's core body temperature to 105 degrees Fahrenheit, the individual suffers from _______________.
When exogenous heat raises one's core body temperature to 105 degrees Fahrenheit, the individual suffers from _______________.
A systolic murmur heard loudest at the left, fifth intercostal space at the mid-clavicular line suggests which of the following?
A systolic murmur heard loudest at the left, fifth intercostal space at the mid-clavicular line suggests which of the following?
What is the normal pulse/heart rate?
What is the normal pulse/heart rate?
A venous thrombosis of the lower extremity commonly presents with edema, redness, and heat.
A venous thrombosis of the lower extremity commonly presents with edema, redness, and heat.
Nevus is the medical term for a _____________.
Nevus is the medical term for a _____________.
A murmur commonly indicates which of the following?
A murmur commonly indicates which of the following?
What is another name for tinea pedis?
What is another name for tinea pedis?
Your 65-year-old male patient presents with acute substernal chest pain, sweating, and hypotension. The patient's substernal chest pain does not go away with rest and there is no rub noted during auscultation. From what is your patient most likely suffering?
Your 65-year-old male patient presents with acute substernal chest pain, sweating, and hypotension. The patient's substernal chest pain does not go away with rest and there is no rub noted during auscultation. From what is your patient most likely suffering?
Which of the following is associated with the presence of crackles during auscultation?
Which of the following is associated with the presence of crackles during auscultation?
A 25-year-old male presents with severe substernal chest pain that started one day ago. Laying down is provocative, and you note a rub that is present when the patient holds his breath. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A 25-year-old male presents with severe substernal chest pain that started one day ago. Laying down is provocative, and you note a rub that is present when the patient holds his breath. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Tinea refers to a __________ infection of the skin. a) Viral b) Fungal c) Protozoan d) Bacterial
Tinea refers to a __________ infection of the skin. a) Viral b) Fungal c) Protozoan d) Bacterial
A patient complains of dizziness when rising from a supine position. You check the patient's blood pressure while she is supine and it measures 120/85. You immediately take the patient's blood pressure a second time while she is standing, and it measures 114/85. According to the parameters discussed in class, this patient does not have orthostatic hypotension.
A patient complains of dizziness when rising from a supine position. You check the patient's blood pressure while she is supine and it measures 120/85. You immediately take the patient's blood pressure a second time while she is standing, and it measures 114/85. According to the parameters discussed in class, this patient does not have orthostatic hypotension.
A breathing pattern of repeating crescendo, decrescendo, and apnea is characteristic of ______________.
A breathing pattern of repeating crescendo, decrescendo, and apnea is characteristic of ______________.
A blood pressure reading of 126 mmHg / 78 mmHg is classified as type 1 hypertension.
A blood pressure reading of 126 mmHg / 78 mmHg is classified as type 1 hypertension.
Based on the abnormal systolic heart sound heard in an audio file, from which pathology is the patient most likely suffering?
Based on the abnormal systolic heart sound heard in an audio file, from which pathology is the patient most likely suffering?
What does a sporadic heart rhythm indicate?
What does a sporadic heart rhythm indicate?
What does a regularly irregular heart rhythm indicate? (Select all that apply)
What does a regularly irregular heart rhythm indicate? (Select all that apply)
What does an irregularly irregular heart rhythm indicate?
What does an irregularly irregular heart rhythm indicate?
Where does a sporadic heart rhythm occur?
Where does a sporadic heart rhythm occur?
Which lobe of the lung is a common site for lung pathologies?
Which lobe of the lung is a common site for lung pathologies?
Match the location of the inferior lobe of the lungs to their respective rib levels:
Match the location of the inferior lobe of the lungs to their respective rib levels:
The oblique fissure separating the superior and inferior lobes of the lung runs from T3 to the 6th rib.
The oblique fissure separating the superior and inferior lobes of the lung runs from T3 to the 6th rib.
Which nerves innervate the diaphragm?
Which nerves innervate the diaphragm?
Which of the following best describes dyspnea?
Which of the following best describes dyspnea?
Match the type of pathology with their corresponding category:
Match the type of pathology with their corresponding category:
In obstructive lung disease, what substances typically cause the obstruction of airways?
In obstructive lung disease, what substances typically cause the obstruction of airways?
What does the term 'Blue bloater' refer to in the context of respiratory conditions?
What does the term 'Blue bloater' refer to in the context of respiratory conditions?
Which common symptoms are associated with blue bloater? (Select all that apply)
Which common symptoms are associated with blue bloater? (Select all that apply)
What is the definition of cor pulmonale?
What is the definition of cor pulmonale?
Which of the following are causes of asthma? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are causes of asthma? (Select all that apply)
Cystic fibrosis is a condition due to a viral infection.
Cystic fibrosis is a condition due to a viral infection.
What is bronchiectasis?
What is bronchiectasis?
Emphysema is a condition affecting the bronchioles, not the alveoli.
Emphysema is a condition affecting the bronchioles, not the alveoli.
Emphysema is an autoimmune response that has which of the following effects? (Select all that apply)
Emphysema is an autoimmune response that has which of the following effects? (Select all that apply)
How do patients with emphysema become barrel chested?
How do patients with emphysema become barrel chested?
What condition is described by a 'pink puffer,' characterized by difficulty exhaling and excessive caloric expenditure while breathing?
What condition is described by a 'pink puffer,' characterized by difficulty exhaling and excessive caloric expenditure while breathing?
Why do patients with obstructive lung disease wheeze only upon exhalation?
Why do patients with obstructive lung disease wheeze only upon exhalation?
Which of the following are considered obstructive lung diseases? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are considered obstructive lung diseases? (Select all that apply)
Match the following terms to their definitions:
Match the following terms to their definitions:
Left Sided Heart Failure is a common cause of Pulmonary Edema.
Left Sided Heart Failure is a common cause of Pulmonary Edema.
Study Notes
Constitutional Signs and Symptoms
- Constitutional signs and symptoms refer to general indicators of illness that affect the whole body.
- Common examples include fatigue, fever, weight loss, and malaise.
Body Temperature Regulation
- The hypothalamus regulates body temperature as the master gland.
- The gold standard for measuring body temperature is the rectal temperature method.
- Accepted normal body temperature for a healthy adult is approximately 98.6°F (37°C).
- Normal body temperature range is 97°F to 100.4°F (36.1°C to 38°C).
- Hyperthermia is defined as an abnormal rise in body temperature, generally above 100.4°F (38°C).
- Heat exhaustion is characterized by heavy sweating, weakness, and fainting due to excessive heat exposure.
Signs of Heat-related Illness
- Symptoms of heat stroke include confusion, rapid heartbeat, and cessation of sweating.
- Signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion involve excessive sweating, weakness, headache, and nausea.
Hypothermia
- Hypothermia is defined as a body temperature below 95°F (35°C).
- A body temperature that is 2°F (1.1°C) or more below the body's core temperature is considered hypothermic.
Heart Rate and Physiology
- Normal heart rate in an adult is between 60 to 100 beats per minute.
- Tachycardia is defined as a heart rate exceeding 100 beats per minute.
- Bradycardia is defined as a heart rate below 60 beats per minute.
- Heart rate is measured through palpation of pulse points, auscultation, or electronic devices.
Cardiac Conduction and Pulse
- The heart's conduction system follows the sequence: SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers.
- A weak pulse may indicate decreased stroke volume and increased peripheral resistance.
- A large and bounding pulse amplitude can indicate conditions such as fever or hyperthyroidism.
Capillary Refill Test
- To test capillary refill, blanch nails for 5 seconds; normal refill time is less than 2 seconds.
- Diminished capillary refill may occur in conditions such as hypovolemic shock and peripheral vascular disease.
- Skin with decreased turgor does not promptly return after being pinched and indicates dehydration.
Respiratory Rate and Patterns
- Normal respiratory rate for adults is 12 to 20 breaths per minute.
- Tachypnea is defined as a respiratory rate over 20 breaths per minute.
- Bradypnea is defined as a respiratory rate below 12 breaths per minute.
- Cheyne-Stokes breathing is characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breaths.
- Ataxic breathing lacks a rhythm and is erratic in nature.
Blood Pressure Measurement
- Blood pressure is defined as the force of blood against the walls of the arteries.
- Systolic pressure represents the force during heartbeats; diastolic pressure reflects the force when the heart is at rest.
- The gold standard for measuring blood pressure is the auscultatory method using a sphygmomanometer.
- Hypotension refers to blood pressure lower than 90/60 mm Hg.
- Normal pulse pressure range is 40 mm Hg (systolic minus diastolic).
Conditions Affecting Blood Pressure
- Orthostatic hypotension is a drop in blood pressure when standing and can present with dizziness.
- A difference of 10 mm Hg to 15 mm Hg in systolic readings between arms can indicate peripheral artery disease.
Cardiovascular Health
- Valves in the heart ensure unidirectional blood flow; a normal valve allows laminar flow.
- The first step in measuring blood pressure is palpating the brachial artery.
- External factors such as medications and hydration status can affect pulse amplitude.
Heart Sounds and Conditions
- S1 and S2 heart sounds are caused by the closing of heart valves during the cardiac cycle.
- Abnormal heart sounds may indicate underlying cardiovascular conditions.
- Common causes of pleuritic chest pain can stem from cardiac issues or lung-related problems.
- Coronary artery disease manifests through symptoms like angina and shortness of breath.
Peripheral Vascular Examination
- The absence of hair on extremities can suggest vascular conditions.
- Pitting edema is commonly seen in heart failure and kidney disease.
Jugular Venous Pulsation
- Normal height for jugular venous pulsation is 3 to 4 cm above the sternal angle.
- The precordium refers to the area over the heart's anterior surface.
Auscultation and Heart Murmurs
- Murmurs are best heard when the patient is in the left lateral decubitus position.
- Heart sounds correspond to the cardiac cycle and differ in intensity depending on the area of auscultation.
Aortic Dissection and Cardiac Tamponade
- Aortic dissection involves a separation of the arterial layers, presenting symptoms like severe chest pain.
- Beck's triad in cardiac tamponade includes hypotension, jugular venous distension, and muffled heart sounds.
Heart Failure and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
- Common presentations of heart failure include dyspnea, fatigue, and edema.
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy features ventricular hypertrophy without dilation, especially in older females.
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