Constitution of India

Adopted on November 26, 1949
Enacted on January 26, 1950
Lengthiest written constitution in the world
Draws inspiration from constitutions of various countries, including USA, UK, and Ireland

Federal System: Division of power between Centre and States
Parliamentary System: President as head of state, Prime Minister as head of government
Secularism: No state religion, equal treatment of all religions
Democracy: Sovereignty rests with the people, universal adult franchise
Socialism: Aim to achieve economic and social equality
Republic: Elected head of state, not a monarch

Lok Sabha: Lower House, directly elected by people, 5-year term
Rajya Sabha: Upper House, indirectly elected by State Legislatures, 6-year term
Functions: Lawmaking, approval of government policies, and representation of people

Six Fundamental Rights: Right to Equality, Right to Freedom, Right against Exploitation, Right to Freedom of Religion, Cultural and Educational Rights, and Right to Constitutional Remedies
Purpose: Protection of individual rights and liberties

Guiding principles for government policy: Social justice, economic development, and international cooperation
Non-justiciable: Not enforceable by courts, but influential in shaping government policies

Supreme Court: Highest court, interpreter of Constitution, and guardian of fundamental rights
High Courts: Subordinate to Supreme Court, have jurisdiction over states and union territories
Lower Courts: District Courts, Sessions Courts, and other subordinate courts

Panchayati Raj: Rural local government, comprising Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, and Zila Parishad
Municipal Government: Urban local government, comprising Municipal Corporation, Municipal Council, and Nagar Panchayat

Adopted on November 26, 1949, and enacted on January 26, 1950, making it a significant national event
Holds the distinction of being the longest written constitution in the world
Draws inspiration from the constitutions of various countries, including the USA, UK, and Ireland, making it a unique blend of influences

Serves as the introductory part of the Constitution, providing a context for the document
Clearly outlines the objectives of the Constitution, setting the tone for the rest of the document
Enshrines the philosophy of the Constitution, highlighting the guiding principles of democracy, socialism, and secularism

Federal System: Ensures a division of power between the Centre and States, promoting a balance of authority
Parliamentary System: Establishes the President as the head of state and the Prime Minister as the head of government, defining their roles and responsibilities
Secularism: Guarantees no state religion, ensuring equal treatment of all religions and promoting religious harmony
Democracy: Affirms that sovereignty rests with the people, upholding the principle of universal adult franchise
Socialism: Aims to achieve economic and social equality, guiding the government's socio-economic policies
Republic: Elects the head of state, rejecting monarchical systems and embracing democratic values

Executive: Comprises the President, Prime Minister, and Council of Ministers, who collectively exercise executive authority
Legislative: Encompasses Parliament, consisting of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, responsible for lawmaking and policy approvals
Judiciary: Includes the Supreme Court, High Courts, and Lower Courts, entrusted with interpreting laws and upholding justice

Lok Sabha: Serves as the Lower House, directly elected by the people for a 5-year term, representing the will of the people
Rajya Sabha: Constitutes the Upper House, indirectly elected by State Legislatures for a 6-year term, providing a platform for states' representation
Functions: Includes lawmaking, approval of government policies, and representation of people, making it a vital institution of democracy

Six Fundamental Rights: Enshrines the Right to Equality, Right to Freedom, Right against Exploitation, Right to Freedom of Religion, Cultural and Educational Rights, and Right to Constitutional Remedies
Purpose: Protects individual rights and liberties, ensuring the dignity and well-being of citizens

Guiding principles for government policy: Emphasizes social justice, economic development, and international cooperation, shaping the government's policy agenda
Non-justiciable: Though not enforceable by courts, these principles exert influence on government policies, guiding their decision-making processes

Supreme Court: Occupies the highest position, interpreting the Constitution, and safeguarding fundamental rights as the guardian of the Constitution
High Courts: Subordinate to the Supreme Court, exercising jurisdiction over states and union territories, and playing a crucial role in the administration of justice
Lower Courts: Comprises District Courts, Sessions Courts, and other subordinate courts, forming the backbone of the judicial system

Panchayati Raj: Constitutes the rural local government, consisting of Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, and Zila Parishad, decentralizing power and promoting grassroots development
Municipal Government: Represents the urban local government, comprising Municipal Corporation, Municipal Council, and Nagar Panchayat, addressing urban development challenges