Constitution of India: Article 12

State under Article 12 of the Constitution of India

• The term "State" is defined in Article 12 of the Constitution of India, which includes the Government and Parliament of India, as well as the Government and Legislature of each of the states.

Inclusion of Local Authorities

• Local authorities, such as municipalities, panchayats, and district boards, are also considered part of the "State" under Article 12.

Other Authorities

• Authorities, like the Delhi Development Authority, the Bangalore Development Authority, and the like, are also included in the definition of "State" under Article 12.

Instrumentalities of the State

• Instrumentalities of the State, such as statutory corporations, like the Life Insurance Corporation of India, the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, and the like, are considered part of the "State" under Article 12.

Other Entities

• Other entities, such as the University Grants Commission, the All India Council for Technical Education, and the like, are also considered part of the "State" under Article 12.

Decentralization of Powers

• The concept of "State" under Article 12 is important because it decentralizes powers, allowing for a more efficient and effective administration of the country.

Judicial Interpretation

• The Supreme Court has played a crucial role in interpreting the definition of "State" under Article 12, providing guidance on its scope and application.

Constitutional Significance

• The definition of "State" under Article 12 has significant constitutional implications, as it affects the rights and liabilities of the Government and its various organs.