66 Questions
What did Constantine see in a vision or a dream as he was moving his troops into Rome?
A cross in the heavens bearing the inscription, 'In this sign you shall conquer'
What did the Edict of Milan (313) grant?
Religious toleration to all groups and returned all confiscated property to the Church
Which action did Constantine take that had a tremendous influence on church life?
He gave Christians basilicas (official buildings) for use as churches
What did the direct involvement of the emperor in the church’s internal affairs do?
Radically alter the relationship between church and state
What was the major debate in the church during Constantine's reign?
The major debate in the church was between Arius (Arianism) and Athanasius, who later becomes the bishop of Alexandria
What was the outcome of the council of Nicaea (325)?
The outcome of the council was a formal statement of belief known as a creed -- Jesus was “God from God, Light from Light, true God from true God, begotten, not made, consubstantial with the Father.”
What was Arius’ position regarding Christ?
We know that there is only one God. If Christ is God, then we would have two Gods. Therefore, Christ is a creature (though the best of all creatures -- the Arian slogan was “There was a time when he [Christ] was not.”)
What was Athanasius’ position regarding Christ?
Christ is the Savior of the World. Only God can save us, we as creatures can not save ourselves. Therefore, Jesus must be of the same substance (homoousios) as the Father
What were the two questions that followed the formal statement of belief known as a creed?
How can full humanity and full divinity exist in one person. How is it possible to preserve monotheism given Christ is “of the same substance” as the Father.
What was the major effect of Constantine's influence on the church?
Enabling Christianity to be a major influence on Western culture and spreading its message throughout the world
Was Constantine's influence on the church predominantly positive or negative?
Both positive and negative, as he enabled Christianity's influence but also increased church corruption
What was the relationship between church and state during the period #3 (476-1095)?
The pope and military leaders entered into agreements to secure the security of both the church and the state
When did the Muslims first land on European shores and who defeated them in a significant battle?
By 711, the Muslims landed for the first time on European shores at Gibraltar, and in 732 Charles Martel defeated the Muslim forces at the Battle of Tours
What was the outcome of the schism between the East and the West in 1054?
Those under the authority of the Patriarch of Rome are Roman Catholics
What was the crucial issue leading to the theological tensions between East and West?
The issue of whether Rome has supreme authority in the church
What did the iconoclasts warn against regarding the veneration of images?
This was idolatry, in violation of the first commandment
What was the outcome of the Council of Nicaea in 325?
The council reaffirmed the Nicene Creed
What did Pope Urban II urge Christians to do at the council of Clermont in 1095?
Recover the Holy Lands from the Muslims
Which of the following were the most prominent sees in the ancient church?
Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, Constantinople, and Rome
Which of the following were eventually controlled by Muslim forces, leading to increased prominence of Rome and Constantinople?
Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria
When was the issue of the iconoclast controversy (the veneration of images) addressed?
Second Council of Nicaea (787 AD)
What did the theological tensions between East and West result from?
The crucial issue of whether Rome has supreme authority in the church
Who is considered the father of monasticism?
Antony (251-356)
What does the word 'hermit' mean?
One who lives a solitary existence
What did St. Benedict envision for the monks?
A life of prayer and work
What is the meaning of 'cenobite' monks?
Monks who live in community
What are the vows that Benedictine monks take?
Poverty, chastity, obedience, and stability
Where was the chief monastery of the Benedictine order situated?
Monte Cassino
What is the practice of lay investiture?
The practice of a layperson appointing people to church offices
Where was the internal reform movement of the Benedictine order centered?
Cluny
What are mendicant orders?
Orders that beg for their income
Who are the two most influential mendicant orders?
Franciscans and Dominicans
What did Francis and Dominic preach?
A message of simplicity and poverty
What is the tonsure?
The shaving of the head to recall the crown of thorns
During the period #5 (1378-1517), which event led to a time when there were two and sometimes three people claiming to be the true pope?
The Great Schism (1378-1417)
Which branch of the Protestant Reformation is associated with Henry VIII and the English Reformation?
Episcopalians, Anglican
According to the text, what was the key to Martin Luther's theological work?
The terrified conscience of the Middle Ages
What was a significant development during the Renaissance (1300-1500) mentioned in the text?
The rediscovery of ancient texts and the invention of the printing press
What did Luther criticize in the Ninety-Five Theses?
The sale of indulgences
What was the concept of 'Treasury of Merit' based upon?
The idea of storing up treasure in heaven
At the Diet of Worms, what did Luther declare when asked to recant?
He cannot and will not recant unless convinced by evidence from the Holy Scriptures or clear reasoning
What did Luther emphasize as one of his central ideas?
Justification by faith
What did Luther recognize as the sole authority in matters of faith?
The Bible (sola scriptura)
Which two sacraments did Luther recognize as grounded in scripture?
Baptism and Eucharist
What did Luther emphasize regarding the priesthood?
Priesthood of all believers
What did Luther wish to preserve in the concept of salvation?
The primacy of God and the significance of the cross
Where was John Calvin born?
France
In which city did John Calvin attempt to set up a religious form of government?
Geneva
What is the central idea in Calvin’s theology?
The absolute sovereignty of God
What does predestination, as believed by John Calvin, entail?
God’s will is the sole determining factor in salvation
Who was the leading figure of the English Reformation?
Henry VIII
What was the key factor in the English Reformation?
Nationalism
Who succeeded Henry VIII after his death?
Edward VI
What was the primary reason for Henry VIII's desire to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon?
Lack of sons
Who succeeded Edward after his death at the age of fifteen?
Mary, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon
Which group within the Radical Reformation rejected infant baptism and is often credited with being the founder of the Baptist church?
Anabaptists
Who founded the Quakers, officially called 'the Society of Friends'?
George Fox
What was the major group within the Radical Reformation that rejected infant baptism and is often credited with being the founder of the Baptist church?
Anabaptists
Which reform movement began within the Church of England in the mid-eighteenth century, with leaders such as John and Charles Wesley and George Whitefield?
Methodism
Who favored a more Protestant church and controlled most of the church affairs during Edward's reign?
Thomas Cranmer
Who was the leader of the Radical Reformation and is officially called 'the Society of Friends'?
George Fox
Which monarch restored England to union with Rome, earning the title 'Bloody Mary' due to her ruthless execution of dissenters?
Mary
Who issued the Thirty Nine Articles in 1563, summarizing Anglican beliefs, and prescribed The Book of Common Prayer for use in all English churches without deviation?
Elizabeth
Which monarch desired religious and political unity among the people and issued the Thirty Nine Articles in 1563?
Elizabeth
Who invited Quakers to settle in Pennsylvania?
William Penn
Who was the Archbishop of Canterbury and favored a more Protestant church during Edward's reign?
Thomas Cranmer
Test your knowledge of the events surrounding Constantine and the Battle of Milvian Bridge in this quiz on Period #2 (313-451) and the significance of Jesus Christ. Explore historical details and test your understanding of the impact of Constantine's vision on the battle.
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