Connective Tissues Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which nutrient is NOT essential for bone growth?

  • Phosphorus
  • Iron (correct)
  • Calcium
  • Vitamin D

What type of bones are characterized by having a cylindrical shape?

  • Long Bone (correct)
  • Irregular Bone
  • Flat Bone
  • Short Bone

Which type of synovial joint allows for rotational movements?

  • Condylar Joints
  • Hinge Joints
  • Gliding Joints
  • Pivot Joints (correct)

Which of the following statements about the axial skeleton is TRUE?

<p>It consists of the skull and thoracic cage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synovial joint is considered nonaxial?

<p>Gliding Joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of osteoblasts in bone physiology?

<p>To form new bone tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint typically allows free movement and is found at the ends of long bones?

<p>Diarthroses Joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is NOT involved in bone growth regulation?

<p>Insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the ossification process in mesenchymal cell differentiation?

<p>Secretion of osteoid by osteoblasts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which describes the role of osteoblasts during spongy bone formation?

<p>They surround the osteoid to become osteocytes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of the increase in blood supply during endochondral ossification?

<p>Replacement of calcified matrix with spongy bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During longitudinal growth, what happens at the epiphyseal cartilage plate?

<p>Osteoblasts replace cartilage with bone. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed as osteoblasts continue to deposit bone during spongy bone formation?

<p>Bone plates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does appositional growth occur in bones?

<p>By ridges forming parallel to blood vessels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the epiphyseal cartilage growth rate decreases?

<p>The epiphyseal line is formed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of the perichondrium during endochondral ossification?

<p>It forms the bone collar around the cartilage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a function of connective tissue?

<p>Produce hormones for the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is primarily responsible for providing structural support?

<p>Cartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fibers is known for its thicker and strong yet slightly flexible nature?

<p>Collagen fibers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of fibrocytes within connective tissue?

<p>Help maintain fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component does NOT make up the matrix of connective tissue?

<p>Epithelial cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue is characterized by how loose or dense the fibers are?

<p>Connective tissue proper (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main feature of elastic fibers in connective tissue?

<p>Provide flexibility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells is NOT considered a fixed cell in connective tissue?

<p>Mast cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of growth occurs in cartilage when chondrocytes mature and increase in number?

<p>Appositional growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of fluid connective tissue?

<p>Cartilage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process do chondroblasts undergo to become chondrocytes?

<p>Matrix secretion (B), Mitosis in a lacuna (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage provides support but can tolerate distortion?

<p>Elastic cartilage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?

<p>Aid in muscle contraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary functional unit of compact bone?

<p>Osteons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ossification involves the transformation of mesenchymal cells into bone?

<p>Intramembranous ossification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which location does fibrous cartilage primarily function to limit movement?

<p>Between vertebrae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the process of calcification affect bone tissue?

<p>Increases calcium ion deposition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone primarily surrounds the medullary cavity?

<p>Spongy bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is primarily involved in the breakdown of bone tissue?

<p>Osteoclast (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of hyaline cartilage?

<p>Provide structural support (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

What are connective tissues?

Connective tissues are a diverse group of tissues responsible for supporting, connecting, and protecting other tissues in the body. They are characterized by their specialized cells, extracellular proteins, and ground substance, which together form the matrix.

Where are connective tissues located?

Connective tissues are never directly exposed to the external environment. They are always found within the body, providing support and structure.

What are the components of connective tissues?

Connective tissues have a unique composition. They are made up of cells, extracellular proteins, and ground substance. These components form a matrix that provides the tissue its specific properties.

What are the categories of connective tissue proper?

Connective tissue proper is a broad category of tissues that differs based on the density and arrangement of its fibers. Loose connective tissue has a more scattered arrangement of fibers, while dense connective tissue has fibers tightly packed together.

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What are fluid connective tissues?

Fluid connective tissues are specialized for transport functions. Blood and lymph are examples of fluid connective tissues, carrying essential materials throughout the body.

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What are supporting connective tissues?

Supporting connective tissues provide structural support to the body. Cartilage and bone, with their rigid matrices, are the main examples of supporting connective tissues.

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What are collagen fibers?

Collagen fibers are strong and thick, providing resistance to stretching and tearing. They are found in tendons and ligaments.

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What are elastic fibers?

Elastic fibers are thinner and more flexible than collagen fibers, allowing tissues to stretch and recoil. They are abundant in tissues like skin and blood vessels.

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What are reticular fibers?

Reticular fibers are thin and delicate, forming a network that supports cells and tissues. They are found in organs like spleen and lymph nodes.

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What are fixed cells and wondering cells?

Fixed cells are residents of the connective tissue, playing a crucial role in its maintenance and function. Wandering cells are recruited to the tissue in response to specific signals, often related to healing or defense.

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Interstitial Growth

The process by which cartilage grows from within, where chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, pushing cells apart and expanding the cartilage tissue.

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Hyaline Cartilage

A type of cartilage that provides stiff, flexible support and reduces friction between bony surfaces. It is found in areas like the nose, trachea, and articular cartilage.

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Elastic Cartilage

A type of cartilage that provides support, tolerates distortion, and can return to its original shape. It is found in the ear, epiglottis, and larynx.

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Fibrous Cartilage

A type of cartilage that resists compression, prevents bone-to-bone contact, and limits movement. It is found in intervertebral discs and menisci of the knee.

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Osteoblasts

Bone cells responsible for building bone tissue by secreting osteoid, the unmineralized matrix of bone.

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Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that reside in lacunae within the bone matrix, maintaining bone tissue.

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Osteoprogenitor Cells

Stem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts, playing a role in bone growth and repair.

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Osteoclasts

Cells responsible for bone resorption, breaking down bone tissue for remodeling and calcium release.

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Compact Bone

The dense, solid outer layer of bone tissue that provides structural support and strength.

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Spongy Bone

The internal, porous network of bone tissue that provides lightweight strength and houses bone marrow.

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How does an osteon form?

Bone formation occurs when osteoblasts deposit bone matrix around blood vessels, forming a central canal and concentric layers of lamellae.

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How does bone growth in diameter occur?

Bones grow in diameter due to the layered deposit of circumferential lamellae on the outer surface of existing bone.

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What impacts bone growth?

Factors like calcium, phosphate, vitamin D, and hormones influence bone growth and remodeling.

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What is a long bone?

Long bones are cylindrical with expanded ends, found in limbs. Examples: femur, humerus.

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What is a short bone?

Short bones are cube-shaped, found in the wrists and ankles. Examples: carpals, tarsals.

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What is an irregular bone?

Irregular bones have complex shapes. Examples: vertebrae, facial bones.

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What is a diarthrosis?

Diarthroses, also known as synovial joints, allow for free movement. Examples: shoulder, hip, knee.

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What structures are found in a synovial joint?

Characteristics of a synovial joint include a joint capsule, articular cartilage, synovial fluid, and accessory structures.

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Intramembranous Ossification

The process of forming bone from mesenchymal cells. It involves several stages:

  1. Osteoblast clustering and matrix secretion: Osteoblasts, specialized bone-forming cells, cluster together and secrete a protein-rich matrix called osteoid.
  2. Ossification center formation: The osteoid mineralizes, hardening into bone, and forms an ossification center.
  3. Osteocyte formation and spicule growth: Osteoblasts become trapped within the ossification center as they secrete matrix, transforming into osteocytes. The ossification center grows outwards in small struts called spicules.
  4. Blood vessel entrapment: Blood vessels grow between spicules, which then connect and trap the vessels.
  5. Spongy bone formation: Osteoblasts continue to deposit bone, creating bony plates that eventually fuse to form spongy bone.
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Endochondral Ossification

The process of forming bone from cartilage. It occurs in multiple stages:

  1. Chondrocyte enlargement: Chondrocytes (cartilage cells) within the cartilage template enlarge.
  2. Cartilage calcification: The matrix surrounding the chondrocytes begins to calcify, hardening.
  3. Perichondrial bone collar formation: Blood vessels invade the cartilage, and cells in the perichondrium (a layer of connective tissue surrounding the cartilage) differentiate into osteoblasts, forming the periosteum. This layer then produces a bone collar around the shaft of the cartilage.
  4. Spongy bone formation: Blood vessels continue to invade, and osteoblasts replace the calcified cartilage matrix with spongy bone.
  5. Medullary cavity formation: The shaft of the bone is filled with spongy bone, and osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells) create a medullary cavity in the center.
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Longitudinal Growth

A process that increases the length of a bone. It occurs at the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) of long bones, which is a layer of hyaline cartilage located between the epiphysis and diaphysis. The plate consists of zones, with chondrocytes in the proliferative zone dividing and pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis. Osteoblasts in the plate then replace the cartilage with bone. Once the person reaches adulthood, the epiphyseal plate closes and the rate of cartilage growth decreases.

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Appositional Growth

A process through which bones increase in width or diameter. Osteoblasts deposit new bone tissue on the outer surface of the bone, while osteoclasts break down bone tissue on the inner surface. This process ensures that the bone can accommodate the increasing forces and stresses on it.

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Study Notes

Tissue Types

  • Epithelium
  • Connective Tissue
    • Cartilage
    • Bone
    • Joints

Connective Tissues

  • Never exposed to the environment outside of the body
  • Contains three basic components: specialized cells, extracellular proteins, and ground substance/fluid
  • These components form the matrix
  • Functions
    • Transport fluid and dissolved materials
    • Provides structural framework for the body
    • Supports, surrounds, and connects other tissues
    • Defends the body from microorganisms
    • Protects organs
    • Stores energy

Types of Connective Tissue

  • Connective tissue proper (How loose or dense the fibers are)

Connective Tissue Proper

  • Dense
    • Fluid connective tissue
      • Blood
      • Lymph
    • Supporting connective tissues
      • Cartilage
      • Bone
  • Collagen fibers
    • Long and thick
    • Strong but provide some flexibility
  • Elastic fibers
    • Thinner
    • Provide more flexibility
    • More elastic tissue means more flexible
  • Reticular fibers
    • Really small
    • More flexible than collagen
  • Fixed cells
    • Melanocytes - Provide pigment
    • Macrophages - Engulf something that shouldn't be in the body like an infection
    • Adipocytes - Fat cells; provide energy
  • Fibroblasts - Cells that can grow into fibers
  • Fibrocytes - Help maintain fibers
  • Mesenchymal cells - Kind of like stem cells; can grow into different types of cells
  • Wandering cells
    • Mast cells
    • Macrophages
    • Lymphocytes - any immune cells can be recruited to this tissue

Cartilage and Bone

  • Main function
    • Provide framework for the body
    • Matrix = many fibers
  • Cartilage
    • Functions
      • Support soft tissues
      • Respiratory
      • Smooth sliding surface (joints)
      • Model for future bones
      • Growth
      • Intervertebral cushioning
  • How Cartilage Grows
    • Appositional growth
      • Chondrocytes- cells that make up cartilage
      • Chondroblasts- immature chondrocytes
      • Perichondrium- where cells divide
      • Cells in the perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts.
      • Chondroblasts secrete new matrix.
      • New matrix enlarges and chondroblasts differentiate into chondrocytes.

Types of Cartilage

  • Hyaline Cartilage
    • Functions
      • Stiff and flexible support
      • Reduces friction between bony surfaces
    • Examples
      • Between tips of ribs and bones of sternum
      • Covering bone surfaces at synovial joints
      • Supporting the larynx, trachea, and bronchi
      • Part of the nasal septum
  • Elastic Cartilage
    • Functions
      • Provides support, tolerates distortion, and returns to original shape
    • Examples
      • Auricle of external ear
      • Auditory canal
      • Epiglottis
      • Larynx
  • Fibrous Cartilage
    • Functions
      • Resist compression
      • Prevent bone-to-bone contact
      • Limit relative movement
    • Locations
      • Pads within knee joint
      • Between pubic bones of pelvis
      • Intervertebral discs

Bones

  • Functions

    • Support - structural support
    • Hematopoiesis - blood cell production
    • Storage of minerals - calcium, and phosphate
    • Protection
    • Leverage - levers working with muscles

  • Cells of Bone

    • Osteocyte - Canaliculi allows matrix to receive oxygen
    • Osteoblast - Build bone, release osteoid
    • Osteoprogenitor - Stem cell like, grows into osteoblast
    • Osteoclast - Breakdown

  • Two Types of Osseous Tissue

    • Compact bone
      • Dense and solid, forms the walls of bone
      • Consists of osteons (functional unit in bone)
    • Spongy bone
      • Open network of plates, lightweight
      • Surrounds the medullary cavity (bone marrow)
      • Arranged in parallel struts, form trabeculae (open network)

  • Bone Development and Growth

    • Ossification - Process of replacing other tissues with bone
    • Osteogenesis - Bone formation
    • Calcification - Deposition of calcium ions into the bone tissue
    • Intramembranous Ossification
      • Differentiation of mesenchymal cells to osteoblast
      • Osteoblast cluster and secrete matrix (Osteoid)
      • Osteoid mineralizes and ossification begins (Ossification center)
    • Differentiation to osteocytes and formation of spicules
      • Osteoblasts surrounds osteoid become osteocytes

  • Endochondral Ossification

    • Chondrocytes enlarge.
    • Matrix begins to calcify.
    • Chondrocytes die, leaving cavities in the cartilage.
    • Blood vessels grow around cartilage.
    • Perichondrium cells differentiate to osteoblasts --> Periosteum.
    • Inner layer produces bone collar.
      • Bone collar = thin layer of compact bone around the shaft of the cartilage
    • Increase in blood supply.
      • Calcified matrix is replaced with spongy bone by osteoblast.
      • Capillaries and osteoblasts migrate to centre
    • Shaft fills with spongy bone.
      • Shaft becomes thicker
      • Osteoblasts move to metaphysis
      • Osteoclasts create medullary cavity

  • Further growth involves two processes

    • Longitudinal growth
      • Capillaries and osteoblast migrate into the centers of the epiphyses
      • Epiphyseal cartilage/plate
        • Epiphyses fills with spongy bone
        • Osteoblasts in the plate replace cartilage with bone
        • Plate enlarges and pushes the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
      • Epiphyseal closure
        • Decreased rate of epiphyseal cartilage growth
        • Increased osteoblast activity
        • Epiphyseal cartilage becomes epiphyseal line
    • Appositional growth
      • Ridges form parallel to a blood vessel
      • Ridges create a pocket
      • Ridges meet, fuse, and trap the vessel in the bone

Long Bone Growth

  • Increase in length (longitudinal growth)
  • Enlargement in diameter (appositional growth)

Factors Regulating Bone Growth

  • Nutrition - Calcium and phosphate salts, magnesium, sodium ions, vitamins A, C, D
  • Hormones
    • Osteoclasts and osteoblast activity
    • Increase calcium absorption in small intestine
    • Decrease calcium loss in urine
    • Growth hormone, estrogen, and testosterone
  • Exercise

Categories of Bones

  • Long bone
  • Short bone
  • Sutural bone
  • Flat bone
  • Irregular bone
  • Sesamoid bone
  • Pneumatized bone
  • Axial skeleton
    • Skull
    • Thoracic cage
    • Vertebral column
  • Appendicular skeleton - Everything else

Articulations/Joints

  • Classification of joints
    • Based on their function
    • Based on their structure
  • Diarthroses/Synovial Joints
    • Free movement

Characteristics

  • Typically found at the ends of long bones
  • Examples
    • Shoulder joint
    • Elbow joint
    • Hip joint
    • Knee joint
  • Characteristics
    • A joint capsule
    • Articular cartilage
    • A joint cavity with synovial fluid
    • A synovial membrane
    • Accessory structures
    • Sensory nerves and blood vessels.

Different Synovial Joints

  • Gliding joint (planar joint)
    • Nonaxial (Glide in only one direction)
    • Multiaxial (Glide in multiple directions)
  • Hinge joints
    • Flexion and extension
  • Pivot joints
    • Rotational movements
  • Condylar/Ellipsoid joints
    • Oval articular surface on one bone articulates with a depression on another bone
    • Example is wrist joints
  • Saddle joints
    • Biaxial joints that allow for some circumduction
    • Example is thumb
  • Ball and socket
    • Triaxial joints, allow for the most movement
    • Example is shoulder

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Description

This quiz covers the different types of connective tissues, including their functions and components. Learn about connective tissue proper, its classifications, and the roles of specialized cells and fibers in the body's framework. Test your knowledge on the structural and functional aspects of connective tissues.

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