Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which nutrient is NOT essential for bone growth?
Which nutrient is NOT essential for bone growth?
What type of bones are characterized by having a cylindrical shape?
What type of bones are characterized by having a cylindrical shape?
Which type of synovial joint allows for rotational movements?
Which type of synovial joint allows for rotational movements?
Which of the following statements about the axial skeleton is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about the axial skeleton is TRUE?
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Which type of synovial joint is considered nonaxial?
Which type of synovial joint is considered nonaxial?
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What is the primary role of osteoblasts in bone physiology?
What is the primary role of osteoblasts in bone physiology?
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Which type of joint typically allows free movement and is found at the ends of long bones?
Which type of joint typically allows free movement and is found at the ends of long bones?
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Which hormone is NOT involved in bone growth regulation?
Which hormone is NOT involved in bone growth regulation?
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What initiates the ossification process in mesenchymal cell differentiation?
What initiates the ossification process in mesenchymal cell differentiation?
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Which describes the role of osteoblasts during spongy bone formation?
Which describes the role of osteoblasts during spongy bone formation?
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What is the primary outcome of the increase in blood supply during endochondral ossification?
What is the primary outcome of the increase in blood supply during endochondral ossification?
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During longitudinal growth, what happens at the epiphyseal cartilage plate?
During longitudinal growth, what happens at the epiphyseal cartilage plate?
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What is formed as osteoblasts continue to deposit bone during spongy bone formation?
What is formed as osteoblasts continue to deposit bone during spongy bone formation?
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How does appositional growth occur in bones?
How does appositional growth occur in bones?
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What happens when the epiphyseal cartilage growth rate decreases?
What happens when the epiphyseal cartilage growth rate decreases?
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What is one function of the perichondrium during endochondral ossification?
What is one function of the perichondrium during endochondral ossification?
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What is NOT a function of connective tissue?
What is NOT a function of connective tissue?
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Which type of connective tissue is primarily responsible for providing structural support?
Which type of connective tissue is primarily responsible for providing structural support?
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Which of the following fibers is known for its thicker and strong yet slightly flexible nature?
Which of the following fibers is known for its thicker and strong yet slightly flexible nature?
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What is the primary role of fibrocytes within connective tissue?
What is the primary role of fibrocytes within connective tissue?
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What component does NOT make up the matrix of connective tissue?
What component does NOT make up the matrix of connective tissue?
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What type of connective tissue is characterized by how loose or dense the fibers are?
What type of connective tissue is characterized by how loose or dense the fibers are?
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What is the main feature of elastic fibers in connective tissue?
What is the main feature of elastic fibers in connective tissue?
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Which of the following cells is NOT considered a fixed cell in connective tissue?
Which of the following cells is NOT considered a fixed cell in connective tissue?
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What type of growth occurs in cartilage when chondrocytes mature and increase in number?
What type of growth occurs in cartilage when chondrocytes mature and increase in number?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of fluid connective tissue?
Which of the following is NOT a type of fluid connective tissue?
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What process do chondroblasts undergo to become chondrocytes?
What process do chondroblasts undergo to become chondrocytes?
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Which type of cartilage provides support but can tolerate distortion?
Which type of cartilage provides support but can tolerate distortion?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?
Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?
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What is the primary functional unit of compact bone?
What is the primary functional unit of compact bone?
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Which type of ossification involves the transformation of mesenchymal cells into bone?
Which type of ossification involves the transformation of mesenchymal cells into bone?
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In which location does fibrous cartilage primarily function to limit movement?
In which location does fibrous cartilage primarily function to limit movement?
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How does the process of calcification affect bone tissue?
How does the process of calcification affect bone tissue?
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What type of bone primarily surrounds the medullary cavity?
What type of bone primarily surrounds the medullary cavity?
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Which cell type is primarily involved in the breakdown of bone tissue?
Which cell type is primarily involved in the breakdown of bone tissue?
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What is the main function of hyaline cartilage?
What is the main function of hyaline cartilage?
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Study Notes
Tissue Types
- Epithelium
- Connective Tissue
- Cartilage
- Bone
- Joints
Connective Tissues
- Never exposed to the environment outside of the body
- Contains three basic components: specialized cells, extracellular proteins, and ground substance/fluid
- These components form the matrix
- Functions
- Transport fluid and dissolved materials
- Provides structural framework for the body
- Supports, surrounds, and connects other tissues
- Defends the body from microorganisms
- Protects organs
- Stores energy
Types of Connective Tissue
- Connective tissue proper (How loose or dense the fibers are)
Connective Tissue Proper
- Dense
- Fluid connective tissue
- Blood
- Lymph
- Supporting connective tissues
- Cartilage
- Bone
- Fluid connective tissue
- Collagen fibers
- Long and thick
- Strong but provide some flexibility
- Elastic fibers
- Thinner
- Provide more flexibility
- More elastic tissue means more flexible
- Reticular fibers
- Really small
- More flexible than collagen
- Fixed cells
- Melanocytes - Provide pigment
- Macrophages - Engulf something that shouldn't be in the body like an infection
- Adipocytes - Fat cells; provide energy
- Fibroblasts - Cells that can grow into fibers
- Fibrocytes - Help maintain fibers
- Mesenchymal cells - Kind of like stem cells; can grow into different types of cells
- Wandering cells
- Mast cells
- Macrophages
- Lymphocytes - any immune cells can be recruited to this tissue
Cartilage and Bone
- Main function
- Provide framework for the body
- Matrix = many fibers
- Cartilage
- Functions
- Support soft tissues
- Respiratory
- Smooth sliding surface (joints)
- Model for future bones
- Growth
- Intervertebral cushioning
- Functions
- How Cartilage Grows
- Appositional growth
- Chondrocytes- cells that make up cartilage
- Chondroblasts- immature chondrocytes
- Perichondrium- where cells divide
- Cells in the perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts.
- Chondroblasts secrete new matrix.
- New matrix enlarges and chondroblasts differentiate into chondrocytes.
- Appositional growth
Types of Cartilage
- Hyaline Cartilage
- Functions
- Stiff and flexible support
- Reduces friction between bony surfaces
- Examples
- Between tips of ribs and bones of sternum
- Covering bone surfaces at synovial joints
- Supporting the larynx, trachea, and bronchi
- Part of the nasal septum
- Functions
- Elastic Cartilage
- Functions
- Provides support, tolerates distortion, and returns to original shape
- Examples
- Auricle of external ear
- Auditory canal
- Epiglottis
- Larynx
- Functions
- Fibrous Cartilage
- Functions
- Resist compression
- Prevent bone-to-bone contact
- Limit relative movement
- Locations
- Pads within knee joint
- Between pubic bones of pelvis
- Intervertebral discs
- Functions
Bones
-
Functions
- Support - structural support
- Hematopoiesis - blood cell production
- Storage of minerals - calcium, and phosphate
- Protection
- Leverage - levers working with muscles
-
Cells of Bone
- Osteocyte - Canaliculi allows matrix to receive oxygen
- Osteoblast - Build bone, release osteoid
- Osteoprogenitor - Stem cell like, grows into osteoblast
- Osteoclast - Breakdown
-
Two Types of Osseous Tissue
- Compact bone
- Dense and solid, forms the walls of bone
- Consists of osteons (functional unit in bone)
- Spongy bone
- Open network of plates, lightweight
- Surrounds the medullary cavity (bone marrow)
- Arranged in parallel struts, form trabeculae (open network)
- Compact bone
-
Bone Development and Growth
- Ossification - Process of replacing other tissues with bone
- Osteogenesis - Bone formation
- Calcification - Deposition of calcium ions into the bone tissue
- Intramembranous Ossification
- Differentiation of mesenchymal cells to osteoblast
- Osteoblast cluster and secrete matrix (Osteoid)
- Osteoid mineralizes and ossification begins (Ossification center)
- Differentiation to osteocytes and formation of spicules
- Osteoblasts surrounds osteoid become osteocytes
-
Endochondral Ossification
- Chondrocytes enlarge.
- Matrix begins to calcify.
- Chondrocytes die, leaving cavities in the cartilage.
- Blood vessels grow around cartilage.
- Perichondrium cells differentiate to osteoblasts --> Periosteum.
- Inner layer produces bone collar.
- Bone collar = thin layer of compact bone around the shaft of the cartilage
- Increase in blood supply.
- Calcified matrix is replaced with spongy bone by osteoblast.
- Capillaries and osteoblasts migrate to centre
- Shaft fills with spongy bone.
- Shaft becomes thicker
- Osteoblasts move to metaphysis
- Osteoclasts create medullary cavity
-
Further growth involves two processes
- Longitudinal growth
- Capillaries and osteoblast migrate into the centers of the epiphyses
- Epiphyseal cartilage/plate
- Epiphyses fills with spongy bone
- Osteoblasts in the plate replace cartilage with bone
- Plate enlarges and pushes the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
- Epiphyseal closure
- Decreased rate of epiphyseal cartilage growth
- Increased osteoblast activity
- Epiphyseal cartilage becomes epiphyseal line
- Appositional growth
- Ridges form parallel to a blood vessel
- Ridges create a pocket
- Ridges meet, fuse, and trap the vessel in the bone
- Longitudinal growth
Long Bone Growth
- Increase in length (longitudinal growth)
- Enlargement in diameter (appositional growth)
Factors Regulating Bone Growth
- Nutrition - Calcium and phosphate salts, magnesium, sodium ions, vitamins A, C, D
- Hormones
- Osteoclasts and osteoblast activity
- Increase calcium absorption in small intestine
- Decrease calcium loss in urine
- Growth hormone, estrogen, and testosterone
- Exercise
Categories of Bones
- Long bone
- Short bone
- Sutural bone
- Flat bone
- Irregular bone
- Sesamoid bone
- Pneumatized bone
- Axial skeleton
- Skull
- Thoracic cage
- Vertebral column
- Appendicular skeleton - Everything else
Articulations/Joints
- Classification of joints
- Based on their function
- Based on their structure
- Diarthroses/Synovial Joints
- Free movement
Characteristics
- Typically found at the ends of long bones
- Examples
- Shoulder joint
- Elbow joint
- Hip joint
- Knee joint
- Characteristics
- A joint capsule
- Articular cartilage
- A joint cavity with synovial fluid
- A synovial membrane
- Accessory structures
- Sensory nerves and blood vessels.
Different Synovial Joints
- Gliding joint (planar joint)
- Nonaxial (Glide in only one direction)
- Multiaxial (Glide in multiple directions)
- Hinge joints
- Flexion and extension
- Pivot joints
- Rotational movements
- Condylar/Ellipsoid joints
- Oval articular surface on one bone articulates with a depression on another bone
- Example is wrist joints
- Saddle joints
- Biaxial joints that allow for some circumduction
- Example is thumb
- Ball and socket
- Triaxial joints, allow for the most movement
- Example is shoulder
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Description
This quiz covers the different types of connective tissues, including their functions and components. Learn about connective tissue proper, its classifications, and the roles of specialized cells and fibers in the body's framework. Test your knowledge on the structural and functional aspects of connective tissues.