Connective Tissues Classification
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Questions and Answers

What type of cells are responsible for the synthesis of ECM components?

  • Macrophages
  • Pericytes
  • Fibroblasts (correct)
  • Fibrocytes

    • What is the main function of connective tissue proper?

  • Providing structural support
  • Serving as a medium for exchange
  • Aiding in the defense and protection of the body
  • All of the above (correct)

    • Which type of cells are observed during wound healing?

  • Myofibroblasts (correct)
  • Mast cells
  • Macrophages
  • Fibrocytes

    • What are the two elements that connective tissue is composed of?

    <p>Cells and extracellular matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of adipose tissue?

    <p>Forming a site for storage of fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are long-living and can survive for months in tissues?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of macrophages?

    <p>Phagocytosing foreign substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of connective tissue proper in organs?

    <p>Forming the capsules of organs and membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between fibroblasts and fibrocytes?

    <p>Fibroblasts are active, fibrocytes are quiescent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of macrophages?

    <p>Monocytes of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are mucosal mast cells typically found?

    <p>Connective tissue of the intestinal mucosa and lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunoglobulin is produced by plasma cells and binds to mast cell receptors?

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the degranulation process in mast cells?

    <p>Cross-linking of IgE molecules by an antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the degranulation process in mast cells?

    <p>Release of chemical mediators promoting allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are connective tissue mast cells typically found?

    <p>Skin and peritoneal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the intracellular fusion of specific granules and exocytosis?

    <p>Release of chemical mediators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the mast cell after degranulation?

    <p>The cell synthesizes new granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of IgE molecules in the degranulation process?

    <p>To bind to surface receptors on mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the release of histamine and leukotriens from mast cells?

    <p>Increased capillary permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of leukocytes through the walls of capillaries and postcapillary venules?

    <p>Diapedesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the activation of B lymphocytes by antigens?

    <p>Formation of plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of adipose cells?

    <p>Storage of neutral fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the proteins that polymerize into elongated structures in connective tissue?

    <p>Fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of ground substance in connective tissue?

    <p>Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of fibroblasts in connective tissue?

    <p>Formation of the extracellular matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average lifespan of plasma cells?

    <p>10-20 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of macrophages in regards to foreign substances and bacteria?

    <p>To phagocytose them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for macrophages that process and present antigens to other cells?

    <p>Antigen Presenting Cells (APC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cells that macrophages can fuse to form in certain conditions?

    <p>Multinuclear giant cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of histamine secreted by mast cells?

    <p>To increase vascular permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the cells that are distributed throughout the body and have special names in certain regions?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of heparin secreted by mast cells?

    <p>To act as an anticoagulant in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the nucleus in mast cells?

    <p>Small and spherical, situated centrally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of collagenase secreted by macrophages?

    <p>To break down collagen in the extracellular matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of multilocular adipose tissue in human newborns?

    <p>To produce heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the body weight does multilocular adipose tissue constitute in human newborns?

    <p>2-5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of leptin in weight regulation?

    <p>Appetite-suppressing hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic shape of nuclei in multilocular adipose cells?

    <p>Spherical and central</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of estrogens in postmenopausal women?

    <p>Adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the uncoupling protein found in the mitochondria of multilocular adipocytes?

    <p>Thermogenin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of body weight represented by adipose tissue in men of normal weight?

    <p>15-20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of obesity characterized by an increase in the number of adipose cells?

    <p>Hyperplastic obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Categories of Connective Tissues

    • Embryonic connective tissues:
      • Mesenchymal
      • Mucous
    • Adult connective tissues:
      • Specialized connective tissues
      • Connective tissue proper
      • Supporting tissues
      • Adipose tissue

    Characteristics of Connective Tissues

    • Origin: Mesenchyme
    • Structure: Cells and extracellular matrix (ECM)
    • Cells are widely separated by ECM components

    Components of Connective Tissues

    • Cells:
      • Fibroblasts
      • Fibrocytes
      • Adipoblasts
      • Adipocytes
      • Chondroblasts
      • Chondrocytes
      • Osteoblasts
      • Osteocytes
      • Formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes)
    • Extracellular matrix (ECM):
      • Fibers: Collagen, elastic, reticular
      • Ground substance: Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans, multiadhesive glycoproteins

    Functions of Connective Tissues

    • Providing structural support
    • Serving as a medium for exchange
    • Aiding in defense and protection of the body
    • Forming a site for storage of fat

    Connective Tissue Proper

    • Forms capsules of organs and membranes
    • Forms trabeculae and walls inside organs
    • Medium for exchange of metabolic waste, nutrients, and oxygen between blood and cells

    Cells of Connective Tissue Proper

    • Fibroblasts:
      • Originate from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
      • Produce ECM components
      • Can proliferate
    • Fibrocytes:
      • Quiescent fibroblasts
      • Smaller than fibroblasts
      • Fewer processes
      • Smaller, darker, elongated nucleus
      • Small amount of RER

    Pericytes and Myofibroblasts

    • Pericytes: Major source of myofibroblasts during fibrosis in multiple organs
    • Myofibroblasts:
      • Combine features of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells
      • Produce ECM and contain actin and myosin filaments
      • Observed during wound healing
      • Responsible for wound contraction after tissue injury

    Resident Cells of Connective Tissue

    • Macrophages:
      • Derived from monocytes of blood
      • Mature and acquire morphological features of macrophages
      • Long-living cells, can proliferate locally
      • Distributed throughout the body
      • Have different names : kupffer cells , microglia and osteoclast
    • Mast cells:
      • Derive from stem cells of bone marrow
      • Oval to round connective tissue cells
      • Contain basophilic secretory granules
      • Small, spherical nucleus
    • Leukocytes:
      • Wandering cells of connective tissue
      • Migrate through walls of capillaries and postcapillary venules from blood into connective tissue
    • Plasma cells:
      • B lymphocyte + antigen → B lymphoblast (mitotic division) → B lymphocyte + plasma cell
      • Large, ovoid cells with basophilic cytoplasm
      • Well-developed RER
      • Spherical nucleus
    • Adipose cells:
      • Fat cells
      • Store neutral fats or produce heat

    Adipose Tissue

    • Multilocular adipose tissue (brown fat):
      • Polygonal cells with multiple lipid droplets
      • Rich in capillaries
      • Receives direct sympathetic innervation
      • Important in newborns for heat production
      • Found mainly around shoulder blades and kidneys

    Function of Multilocular Adipose Tissue

    • Produces heat
    • Stimulated by nerve impulses releasing epinephrine
    • Lipase releases fatty acids, metabolized to produce heat
    • Thermogenin (UCP1) in mitochondria dissipates energy as heat
    • Warmed blood circulates throughout the body

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    Description

    Learn about the classification of connective tissues, including embryonic, adult, loose, dense, and specialized types.

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